甜咸零食的食用频率与婴儿期和幼儿期过度摄入的营养素和体重身长 z 评分较高有关。
Frequency of Sweet and Salty Snack Food Consumption Is Associated with Higher Intakes of Overconsumed Nutrients and Weight-For-Length z Scores During Infancy and Toddlerhood.
机构信息
Center for Childhood Obesity Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Obesity Research and Education, College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
出版信息
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2022 Aug;122(8):1534-1542. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.02.013. Epub 2022 Feb 25.
BACKGROUND
Current dietary guidelines recommend avoiding foods and beverages with added sugars and higher sodium before age 2 years.
OBJECTIVE
The aim was to describe daily snack food intake (frequency and total energy) and the associations with overconsumed nutrients (added sugars, sodium, and saturated fats) and child weight-for-length z scores.
DESIGN
A cross-sectional, secondary analysis of baseline data from an ongoing longitudinal intervention was conducted.
PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING
A sample of 141 caregivers with infants (aged 9 to 11 months) and toddlers (aged 12 to 15 months) was recruited in Buffalo, NY, between 2017 and 2019.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Three 24-hour dietary recalls were used to categorize 'sweet and salty snack foods' or 'commercial baby snack foods' based on the US Department of Agriculture What We Eat in America food group classifications and estimate nutrient intakes. Child recumbent length and weight were measured by trained researchers.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Daily frequency (times/day), energy (kcal/day), and overconsumed nutrients from snack food intake were calculated. Multivariable regression models examined associations between the frequency of and energy from snack food intake with overconsumed nutrients and child weight-for-length z scores.
RESULTS
Infants consumed snack foods on average 1.2 times/day contributing 5.6% of total daily energy, 19.6% of added sugars, and 6.8% of sodium. Toddlers consumed snack foods on average 1.4 times/day contributing 8.9% of total daily energy, 40.0% of added sugars, and 7.2% of sodium. In adjusted models including all children, greater frequency of sweet and salty snack food intake, but not commercial baby snack foods, was associated with higher weight-for-length z scores.
CONCLUSIONS
Snack foods are frequently consumed by infants and toddlers and contribute to the intake of overconsumed nutrients such as added sugars and sodium. Given the current guidelines to avoid added sugars and higher sodium before age 2 years, additional recommendations related to nutrient-dense snack intake may be beneficial.
背景
目前的饮食指南建议在 2 岁之前避免食用添加糖和高钠的食物和饮料。
目的
本研究旨在描述婴幼儿（9-11 月龄）和学步儿（12-15 月龄）的每日零食摄入量（频率和总能量），以及与过度摄入的营养物质（添加糖、钠和饱和脂肪）和儿童身长体重 Z 评分的关系。
设计
这是一项在纽约布法罗进行的、正在进行的纵向干预的基线数据的横断面、二次分析。
参与者和设置
2017 年至 2019 年期间，共招募了 141 名有婴幼儿（9-11 月龄）和学步儿（12-15 月龄）的看护者作为样本。
主要观察指标
使用 3 次 24 小时膳食回顾法，根据美国农业部“我们吃什么”食物组分类，将“甜咸零食”或“商业婴儿零食”分类，并估计营养摄入量。由经过培训的研究人员测量儿童卧位身长和体重。
统计学分析
计算了零食摄入量的每日频率（次数/天）、能量（千卡/天）和过度摄入的营养物质。多变量回归模型分析了零食摄入量的频率和能量与过度摄入的营养物质和儿童身长体重 Z 评分之间的关系。
结果
婴儿平均每天食用零食 1.2 次，占每日总能量的 5.6%、添加糖的 19.6%和钠的 6.8%。幼儿平均每天食用零食 1.4 次，占每日总能量的 8.9%、添加糖的 40.0%和钠的 7.2%。在包括所有儿童的调整模型中，甜咸零食的食用频率较高，但不包括商业婴儿零食，与较高的身长体重 Z 评分相关。
结论
零食在婴幼儿中经常被食用，并且导致过度摄入营养物质，如添加糖和钠。鉴于目前 2 岁以下儿童避免添加糖和高钠的建议，与营养丰富的零食摄入相关的额外建议可能是有益的。
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