Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
Jeju Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 63068, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Mar 15;233:113337. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113337. Epub 2022 Feb 24.
A new generation of booster biocides that include metal pyrithiones (PTs) such as copper pyrithione (CuPT) and zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) are being used as tributyltin alternatives. In the marine environment, ZnPT can easily transchelate Cu to form CuPT, and the environmental fate and persistence of these two metal pyrithiones are closely related. Although some data on the toxicity of biocides on marine fish are available, little is known about their toxicity and toxic pathway. We thus compared the toxic effects of CuPT and ZnPT on embryonic olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by investigating their adverse effects based on developmental morphogenesis and transcriptional variation. In our study, the toxic potency of CuPT was greater with respect to developmental malformation and mortality than ZnPT. Consistent with the developmental effects, the expression of genes related to tail fin malformation (including plod2, furin, and wnt3a) was higher in embryonic flounder exposed to CuPT than in those exposed to ZnPT. Genes related to muscle and nervous system development exhibited significant changes on differential gene expression profiles using RNA sequencing (cutoff value P < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis of embryos exposed to CuPT revealed affected cellular respiration and kidney development, whereas genes associated with cell development, nervous system development and heart development showed significant variation in embryonic flounder exposed to ZnPT. Overall, our study clarifies the common and unique developmental toxic effects of CuPT and ZnPT through transcriptomic analyses in embryonic flounder.
新一代的增效型杀生剂，包括金属吡啶硫酮（PTs）如铜吡啶硫酮（CuPT）和锌吡啶硫酮（ZnPT），正在被用作三丁基锡的替代品。在海洋环境中，ZnPT 很容易将 Cu 进行转金属螯合，形成 CuPT，这两种金属吡啶硫酮的环境归宿和持久性密切相关。虽然有一些关于海洋鱼类生物杀生剂毒性的数据，但对于它们的毒性和毒性途径知之甚少。因此，我们通过研究基于发育形态发生和转录变化的不利影响，比较了 CuPT 和 ZnPT 对胚胎橄榄石斑鱼（Paralichthys olivaceus）的毒性效应。在我们的研究中，CuPT 在致畸和死亡率方面相对于 ZnPT 具有更大的毒性效力。与发育效应一致，暴露于 CuPT 的胚胎中与尾巴畸形相关的基因（包括 plod2、furin 和 wnt3a）的表达高于暴露于 ZnPT 的胚胎。使用 RNA 测序进行差异基因表达谱分析时，与肌肉和神经系统发育相关的基因表现出显著变化（截止值 P < 0.05）。暴露于 CuPT 的胚胎的基因本体分析显示，细胞呼吸和肾脏发育受到影响，而暴露于 ZnPT 的胚胎中与细胞发育、神经系统发育和心脏发育相关的基因表现出显著变化。总体而言，我们的研究通过对胚胎石斑鱼的转录组分析，阐明了 CuPT 和 ZnPT 的常见和独特的发育毒性效应。
