Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea.
Risk Assessment Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, Republic of Korea; Department of Marine Environmental Science, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2019 Sep 30;180:23-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.070. Epub 2019 May 3.
The use of alternative biocides has increased due to their economic and ecological relevance. Although data regarding the toxicity of commercial alternative biocides in marine organisms are accumulating, little is known about their toxic pathways or mechanisms. To compare the toxic effects of commercial alternative biocides on non-target pelagic fish (flounder) embryos, we investigated the adverse effects of developmental malformation and transcriptional changes. Three biocides including Diuron, Irgarol 1051 and Sea-Nine 211 produced a largely overlapping suite of developmental malformations, including tail-fin fold defects and dorsal body axis curvature. In our test, the potencies of these biocides were ranked in the following order with respect to malformation and mortalities: Sea-Nine 211 > Irgarol 1051 > Diuron. Consistent with the toxicity rankings, the expression of genes related to heart formation was greater in embryonic flounder exposed to Sea-Nine 211 than in those exposed to Irgarol 1051 or Diuron, while expression of genes related to fin malformation was greater in the Irgarol 1051 exposure group. In analyses of differential gene expression (DEG) profiles (fold change of genes with a cutoff P < 0.05) by high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq), genes associated with nervous system development, transmembrane transport activity, and muscle cell development were significantly changed commonly. Embryos exposed to Diuron showed changes related to cellular protein localization, whereas genes associated with immune system processes were up-regulated significantly in embryos exposed to Irgarol 1051. Genes related to actin filament organization and embryonic morphogenesis were up-regulated in embryos exposed to Sea-Nine 211. Overall, our study provides a better understanding of the overlapping and unique developmental toxic effects of three commercial booster biocides through transcriptomic analyses in a non-target species, embryonic flounder.
由于替代杀生剂具有经济和生态方面的重要性，其使用量有所增加。尽管有关商业替代杀生剂对海洋生物的毒性的数据正在不断增加，但人们对其毒性途径或机制知之甚少。为了比较商业替代杀生剂对非目标洄游性鱼类（比目鱼）胚胎的毒性影响，我们研究了发育畸形和转录变化的不良影响。三种杀生剂，包括敌草隆、唑草酮和 2-辛基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮，产生了大量重叠的发育畸形，包括尾鳍褶皱缺陷和背侧体轴弯曲。在我们的试验中，这些杀生剂的效力按照畸形和死亡率的顺序排列如下：2-辛基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮>唑草酮>敌草隆。与毒性排名一致，暴露于 2-辛基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮的比目鱼胚胎中与心脏形成相关的基因表达高于暴露于唑草酮或敌草隆的胚胎，而暴露于唑草酮的胚胎中与鳍畸形相关的基因表达更高。在通过高通量测序（RNA-seq）进行的差异基因表达（DEG）谱分析（具有截止 P 值<0.05 的基因的倍数变化）中，与神经系统发育、跨膜转运活性和肌肉细胞发育相关的基因普遍发生变化。暴露于敌草隆的胚胎显示与细胞蛋白定位相关的变化，而暴露于唑草酮的胚胎中与免疫系统过程相关的基因显著上调。暴露于 2-辛基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮的胚胎中与肌动蛋白丝组织和胚胎形态发生相关的基因上调。总的来说，通过非目标物种（比目鱼胚胎）的转录组分析，本研究更好地了解了三种商业增效杀生剂重叠和独特的发育毒性作用。
