Körner Carolin, Fröhlich Florian
Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology Group, Barbarastraße 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
Osnabrück University, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Molecular Membrane Biology Group, Barbarastraße 13, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; Osnabrück University, Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Barbarastrasse 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2022 Feb;74:104-111. doi: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.01.006. Epub 2022 Feb 25.
Sphingolipids (SLs) are one of the three major lipid classes in all eukaryotic cells. They function as structural molecules of membranes and can also act as highly active signaling molecules. SL biosynthesis is mainly occurring at the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. However, SL intermediates are also generated at other organelles such as the plasma membrane and the lysosome. SL biosynthesis is therefore highly compartmentalized. Maintaining SL levels is necessary for the function of multiple trafficking pathways. One major challenge is to decipher the complex regulatory networks controlling SL biosynthesis, the coordination of vesicular and non-vesicular SL transport as well as their role in trafficking. Recent investigations have shed new light on the regulation of SL biosynthesis. Here, we review how SL biosynthesis is coordinated, how SLs are transported and how their levels affect trafficking pathways. Finally, we discuss recently developed methods to study SL metabolism with spatio-temporal resolution.
鞘脂（SLs）是所有真核细胞中三大主要脂质类别之一。它们作为膜的结构分子发挥作用，也可充当高活性信号分子。鞘脂生物合成主要发生在内质网和高尔基体。然而，鞘脂中间体也在其他细胞器如质膜和溶酶体中产生。因此，鞘脂生物合成具有高度的区室化。维持鞘脂水平对于多种运输途径的功能是必要的。一个主要挑战是破译控制鞘脂生物合成、囊泡和非囊泡鞘脂运输的协调以及它们在运输中的作用的复杂调控网络。最近的研究为鞘脂生物合成的调控带来了新的启示。在这里，我们综述鞘脂生物合成是如何协调的、鞘脂是如何运输的以及它们的水平如何影响运输途径。最后，我们讨论最近开发的用于以时空分辨率研究鞘脂代谢的方法。
