Venous access techniques.

Venous access techniques have evolved to include a variety of methods that can be tailored to a number of specific needs. The use of central venous catheters for short- and long-term venous access, newer methods of central venous access using totally implantable devices, and the evolution of current hemodialysis are reviewed. Advantages, disadvantages, complications, and long-term considerations for vascular access procedures are analyzed.