Kumar Rahul, Hussainova Irina, Rahmani Ramin, Antonov Maksim
Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia.
AC2T Research GmbH, Viktor-Kaplan-Straße 2/C, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
Materials (Basel). 2022 Feb 24;15(5):1695. doi: 10.3390/ma15051695.
Understanding the complex nature of wear behavior of materials at high-temperature is of fundamental importance for several engineering applications, including metal processing (cutting, forming, forging), internal combustion engines, etc. At high temperatures (up to 1000 °C), the material removal is majorly governed by the changes in surface reactivity and wear mechanisms. The use of lubricants to minimize friction, wear and flash temperature to prevent seizing is a common approach in engine tribology. However, the degradation of conventional liquid-based lubricants at temperatures beyond 300 °C, in addition to its harmful effects on human and environmental health, is deeply concerning. Solid lubricants are a group of compounds exploiting the benefit of wear diminishing mechanisms over a wide range of operating temperatures. The materials incorporated with solid lubricants are herein called 'self-lubricating' materials. Moreover, the possibility to omit the use of conventional liquid-based lubricants is perceived. The objective of the present paper is to review the current state-of-the-art in solid-lubricating materials operating under dry wear conditions. By opening with a brief summary of the understanding of solid lubrication at a high temperature, the article initially describes the recent developments in the field. The mechanisms of formation and the nature of tribo-films (or layers) during high-temperature wear are discussed in detail. The trends and ways of further development of the solid-lubricating materials and their future evolutions are identified.
了解材料在高温下磨损行为的复杂本质对于包括金属加工（切割、成型、锻造）、内燃机等在内的多种工程应用至关重要。在高温（高达1000°C）下，材料去除主要受表面反应性变化和磨损机制的支配。在发动机摩擦学中，使用润滑剂来最小化摩擦、磨损和闪温以防止咬死是一种常见方法。然而，传统的液体润滑剂在超过300°C的温度下会降解，此外其对人类健康和环境健康的有害影响也令人深感担忧。固体润滑剂是一类在广泛的工作温度范围内利用磨损减少机制优势的化合物。在此，将含有固体润滑剂的材料称为“自润滑”材料。此外，人们认为有可能省略使用传统的液体润滑剂。本文的目的是综述在干磨损条件下运行的固体润滑材料的当前技术水平。通过首先简要总结对高温下固体润滑的理解，本文最初描述了该领域的最新进展。详细讨论了高温磨损过程中摩擦膜（或层）的形成机制和性质。确定了固体润滑材料进一步发展的趋势和途径及其未来的发展方向。
