Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/nº, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, ASTox - Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory.
Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Catalonia, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 1;828:154486. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154486. Epub 2022 Mar 10.
Bisphenols (BPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs) are extensively used in toys and childcare products. Therefore, children may be exposed to these compounds, causing potential adverse effects. Despite the strict control of the levels of these contaminants in toys by some nations, routine testing in Brazil is very scarce. The present study was aimed at determining the concentrations of PAEs and BPs in toys commercialized in Brazil, employing GC-MS and LC-MS/MS, respectively. Furthermore, the migration capacity of PAEs into saliva and the daily intake (EDI) were also estimated. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was the PAE with the highest detection rate (93%) and migration rate (0.26 μg/min). Moreover, the levels of DEHP in some samples were above the threshold values set by the European Commission and the Brazilian Institute of Metrology, Standardization, and Industrial Quality. Among the BPs analogs, BPA and BPS presented the highest positive detection rates (72% and 30%, respectively). However, their levels were below the permitted values in all analyzed samples. A daily intake of DEHP was estimated at 29.8 μg/kg bw/day, being this exposure similar to those found in other countries and below the EFSA acceptable intake limit (50 μg/kg bw/day). However, our data are referred to exposure through oral contact with the analyzed toys, while the contribution of other potential sources, such as food consumption, were not here considered. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study estimating the exposure of Brazilian children to PAEs and BPs, considering toys as the exposure source. These preliminary data may become a valuable guide for the control of EDC levels in toys commercialized in Brazil, as well as for future studies regarding estimation of exposure to EDCs by children taking into account multiple potential sources.
双酚类物质（BPs）和邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）广泛应用于玩具和儿童保育产品中。因此，儿童可能会接触到这些化合物，从而导致潜在的不良影响。尽管一些国家对玩具中这些污染物的含量水平进行了严格的控制，但巴西的常规检测却非常匮乏。本研究旨在通过 GC-MS 和 LC-MS/MS 分别测定巴西市售玩具中 PAEs 和 BPs 的浓度，并评估 PAEs 向唾液中的迁移能力和每日摄入量（EDI）。邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）是检出率（93%）和迁移率（0.26μg/min）最高的 PAE。此外，一些样品中的 DEHP 含量超过了欧盟委员会和巴西计量、标准化和工业质量研究所设定的阈值。在所分析的 BP 类似物中，双酚 A（BPA）和双酚 S（BPS）的阳性检出率最高（分别为 72%和 30%）。然而，它们的含量在所有分析样品中均低于允许值。DEHP 的每日摄入量估计为 29.8μg/kg bw/day，这种暴露与其他国家相似，低于 EFSA 可接受摄入量限值（50μg/kg bw/day）。然而，我们的数据仅指通过口腔接触分析玩具而产生的暴露，而其他潜在来源（如食物摄入）的贡献并未在此考虑。据我们所知，这是第一项评估巴西儿童接触 PAEs 和 BPs 的研究，将玩具视为暴露源。这些初步数据可以为控制巴西市售玩具中 EDC 水平提供有价值的指导，并为未来研究考虑儿童通过多种潜在来源接触 EDCs 提供参考。
