Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, Australia; School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
Vision Res. 2022 Jul;196:108026. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2022.108026. Epub 2022 Mar 11.
Accommodative responses of humans operate seamlessly to ensure clear vision of targets at different viewing distances, up until the onset of presbyopia. To achieve this, the visual system must correctly decipher the polarity and magnitude of retinal defocus in real-time, and often under very challenging viewing conditions. The past seven decades of research in this area has identified several retinotopic cues that may potentially provide the desired odd- and even-error information to the visual system for solving these challenges. These studies have used a variety of technology, experimental paradigms and outcome measures to determine the putative contribution of a given cue, or set of cues, in solving this problem. A variety of results, some offering consensus and others conflicting, have been observed in these studies. The present review distils this large volume of literature into specific, take-away points for the early reader of this topic, acknowledging that the problem is non-trivial and far from being solved. The review also reveals that many of these studies may not have used appropriate/sensitive methodology or outcome measures to tease apart the relative contribution of a cue in solving the direction and magnitude challenge. The review concludes with the proposal that, since a multitude of cues may be used by the visual system for solving these problems, future studies could employ a Bayesian statistical cue-combination approach to address this problem. Such approaches have yielded very meaningful insights in other areas of human decision-making involving multiple inter- and intra-modal combination of cues.
人类的调节反应能够无缝运作，以确保在不同的观看距离下清晰地看到目标，直到老视的发生。为了实现这一点，视觉系统必须实时正确地解读视网膜离焦的极性和幅度，而且通常是在非常具有挑战性的观看条件下。在这一领域过去的七十年研究中，已经确定了几种可能为视觉系统提供所需的奇数和偶数误差信息的视网膜线索，以解决这些挑战。这些研究使用了各种技术、实验范式和结果测量来确定给定线索或一组线索在解决这个问题中的潜在贡献。在这些研究中观察到了各种结果，有些提供了共识，有些则相互矛盾。本综述将大量文献提炼为该主题的早期读者的具体要点，承认这个问题并不简单，远未得到解决。该综述还表明，许多这些研究可能没有使用适当/敏感的方法或结果测量来梳理出线索在解决方向和幅度挑战中的相对贡献。该综述最后提出，由于视觉系统可能使用多种线索来解决这些问题，未来的研究可以采用贝叶斯统计线索组合方法来解决这个问题。这种方法在涉及多种线索的跨模态和内模态组合的其他人类决策领域产生了非常有意义的见解。
