Phytotoxicity of binary nanoparticles and humic acid on L.

Nanoplastics and metal oxide nanoparticles are serious threats that inevitably enter the environment. Their similar particle properties likely lead to interaction and thus cause more unpredictable ecotoxicity to organisms. In this study, it was found that polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) aggravate the toxic effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) on L. by inducing severe oxidative stress and root deformation, and the expansion of damaged cells from the xylem to the epidermis was observed using confocal laser scanning. Exposure to PS NPs + FeO NPs correspondingly elevated iron accumulation in the roots and leaves by 1.39 and 1.17 times compared to the amount observed with FeO NPs individually. Examination of the physicochemical properties, iron ion release, and molecular interactions of the NPs indicated that PS NPs interact with FeO NPs to form heteroaggregates and facilitate leaching of iron ions, which resulted in aggravating the toxic effect. These were alleviated by the addition of humic acid (HA), which dispersed the heteroaggregates and reduced the release of iron ions. The findings in the present study provide new perspectives for the ecotoxicological risk of binary nano-pollution in the natural environment.