Division of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
CON AMORE, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Mem Cognit. 2022 Nov;50(8):1644-1663. doi: 10.3758/s13421-022-01280-8. Epub 2022 Mar 16.
Autobiographical remembering is a subjective experience, and whether retrieval is perceived to occur through involuntary or voluntary, direct or generative cognitive processes is also based on subjective intuition. The present study examined factors that may contribute to the subjective judgment that occurs when we perceive memories as being retrieved directly (i.e., a memory comes to mind directly and immediately) or through generative processes (i.e., recalling a memory with effort or by using additional information). We examined the hypothesis that internal awareness (interoceptive sensibility and mindfulness traits) contributes to the physical reaction and emotional impact of memories at retrieval, which then influence the subjective judgment that memories are retrieved directly. In two online experiments, participants were asked to recall specific memories following verbal cues and to judge the retrieval process (i.e., direct or generative). We demonstrated that emotional awareness, an interoceptive sensibility scale factor, consistently predicted a high probability of direct retrieval judgments independent of other predictors of direct retrieval, such as retrieval latency and cue concreteness. This effect was especially common for concrete cues. In Experiment 2 we demonstrated that emotional awareness predicted direct retrieval judgments through the mediation of retrieval impact (physical reaction and emotional impact). These results indicate the involvement of interoceptive processing in the direct retrieval of autobiographical memories. We discuss the role of interoception in memory retrieval and present interoceptive prediction error as a novel and potentially integrative account of our findings.
自传体记忆是一种主观体验，而检索是否被认为是通过无意识或有意识、直接或生成性的认知过程发生的，也基于主观直觉。本研究考察了可能导致我们将记忆直接（即记忆直接而立即出现在脑海中）或通过生成过程（即努力回忆记忆或使用额外信息来回忆记忆）被检索的主观判断的因素。我们假设内部意识（内感受敏感性和正念特质）有助于记忆检索时的身体反应和情绪影响，进而影响记忆是直接检索的主观判断。在两项在线实验中，参与者被要求根据口头提示回忆特定的记忆，并判断检索过程（即直接或生成性）。我们证明，情绪意识（内感受敏感性量表的一个因素）独立于其他直接检索的预测因素（如检索潜伏期和提示具体性），一致预测直接检索判断的高概率。对于具体的提示，这种效果尤其常见。在实验 2 中，我们证明情绪意识通过检索影响（身体反应和情绪影响）来预测直接检索判断。这些结果表明内感受加工参与了自传体记忆的直接检索。我们讨论了内感受在记忆检索中的作用，并提出了内感受预测误差作为我们发现的一个新的、潜在的综合解释。
