脊椎动物中转座元件的驯化：从表观遗传沉默到驯化。

Taming transposable elements in vertebrates: from epigenetic silencing to domestication.

机构信息

Wellcome/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK.

Wellcome/CRUK Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.

出版信息

Trends Genet. 2022 Jun;38(6):529-553. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.02.009. Epub 2022 Mar 17.

DOI:10.1016/j.tig.2022.02.009

PMID:35307201

Abstract

Transposable element (TE)-derived sequences are ubiquitous in most eukaryotic genomes known to date. Because their expression and mobility can lead to genomic instability, several pathways have evolved to control TEs. Nevertheless, TEs represent an important source of genomic novelty and are often co-opted for novel functions that are relevant for phenotypic divergence and adaptation. Here, we review how animals, in particular vertebrates, mitigate TE mobility and expression, alongside known examples of TE domestication. We argue that the next frontier is to understand the determinants and dynamics of TE domestication: how they shift from 'non-self' targets of epigenetic silencing to 'self' genetic elements. New technologies enable avenues of research that may close the gap between epigenetic silencing and domestication of TEs.

摘要

转座元件 (TE) 衍生序列在迄今为止已知的大多数真核生物基因组中普遍存在。由于它们的表达和移动可能导致基因组不稳定，因此已经进化出几种途径来控制 TEs。然而，TE 代表了基因组新颖性的重要来源，并且经常被用于新的功能，这些功能与表型分化和适应相关。在这里，我们回顾了动物，特别是脊椎动物，如何减轻 TE 的移动和表达，以及已知的 TE 驯化的例子。我们认为，下一个前沿领域是了解 TE 驯化的决定因素和动态：它们如何从表观遗传沉默的“非自身”目标转变为“自身”遗传元件。新技术为研究提供了途径，可能缩小表观遗传沉默和 TE 驯化之间的差距。