Shenkman Geva, Carone Nicola, Mouton Bénédicte, d'Amore Salvatore, Bos Henny M W
School of Psychology, Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya, Israel.
Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
J Child Fam Stud. 2023;32(1):180-196. doi: 10.1007/s10826-022-02286-1. Epub 2022 Mar 14.
This questionnaire-based study compared 36 Israeli lesbian mother families ( = 72 lesbian mothers) formed by donor insemination, 39 Israeli gay father families ( = 78 gay fathers) formed by gestational surrogacy, and 36 Israeli heterosexual parent families ( = 72 heterosexual parents) formed by assisted reproduction (without donated gametes), all with a target child aged 3-10 years. The families were examined for parents' assisted conception socialization self-efficacy, depression, negative and positive affect, life satisfaction, positivity, resilience, social support, and child externalizing problems. Multiple factors associated with child externalizing problems were also examined. Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that parents' assisted conception socialization self-efficacy did not differ between family groups; however, lesbian mothers and gay fathers reported fewer child externalizing problems and greater social support, relative to heterosexual parents. Also, lesbian mothers-but not gay fathers-reported lower levels of depression, greater life satisfaction, and more positivity than did heterosexual parents. Finally, irrespective of family type, greater assisted conception socialization self-efficacy was associated with fewer parent-reported child externalizing problems. Findings are interpreted in light of the cultural socialization framework and Israel's familistic and pronatalist environment. Implications for health professionals, educators, and policymakers working with diverse family forms are discussed.
这项基于问卷的研究比较了36个通过捐赠精子受孕组建的以色列女同性恋母亲家庭（72位女同性恋母亲）、39个通过代孕组建的以色列男同性恋父亲家庭（78位男同性恋父亲）以及36个通过辅助生殖（无捐赠配子）组建的以色列异性恋父母家庭（72位异性恋父母），所有家庭的目标孩子年龄均在3至10岁之间。研究考察了这些家庭中父母在辅助受孕社会化方面的自我效能感、抑郁程度、消极和积极情绪、生活满意度、积极心态、心理韧性、社会支持以及孩子的外化问题。还研究了与孩子外化问题相关的多个因素。多层次模型分析表明，不同家庭群体在父母辅助受孕社会化自我效能感方面没有差异；然而，相对于异性恋父母，女同性恋母亲和男同性恋父亲报告的孩子外化问题较少，社会支持较多。此外，女同性恋母亲（而非男同性恋父亲）报告的抑郁程度较低、生活满意度较高且积极心态更强。最后，无论家庭类型如何，父母辅助受孕社会化自我效能感越强，父母报告的孩子外化问题就越少。研究结果依据文化社会化框架以及以色列的家庭主义和生育主义环境进行了解释。讨论了对与不同家庭形式打交道的健康专业人员、教育工作者和政策制定者的启示。
