Walker Julie E, Ankersen Thomas, Barchiesi Stefano, Meyer Courtney K, Altieri Andrew H, Osborne Todd Z, Angelini Christine
School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA; Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St. Augustine, FL, 32080, USA; St. Mary's College of Maryland, St. Mary's City, MD, 20686, USA.
Levin College of Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2022 Jun 15;312:114823. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114823. Epub 2022 Mar 18.
Mangroves provide critical ecosystems services, contributing an estimated 42 billion US dollars to global fisheries, storing 25.5 million tons of carbon per year, and providing flood protection to over 15 million people annually. Yet, they are increasingly threatened by factors ranging from local resource exploitation to global climate change, with an estimated 35% of mangrove forests lost in the past two decades. These threats are difficult to manage due to the intrinsic characteristics of mangrove systems and their provisioning services, and their transboundary and pan-global nature. Due to their unique intertidal ecological niche, mangroves are often treated as a "common pool resource" within national legal frameworks, making them particularly susceptible to exploitation. Moreover, they form ecological connections through numerous biotic and abiotic processes that cross political boundaries. Because of these qualities a cross-scale nested framework of international, regional, and local coordination is necessary to successfully sustain mangrove ecosystems and their valuable services. Although coordination across the geopolitical spectrum is often cited as a need for effective management of common resources such as mangroves, there has been no formal analysis of mangrove multiscale governance. In this paper we address this gap by providing a comprehensive analysis of interactions between and within international, regional, and local mangrove management regimes and examine the challenges and opportunities such multiscale governance frameworks present. We highlight Costa Rica as a case study to demonstrate the universal relevance and potential of multi-scale governance and explore its downscale potential. Using Elinor Ostrom's principles for self-governance of the commons as our touchstone, we identify where improvements to the status quo could be implemented to increase its effectiveness of the current frameworks to meet the ongoing challenge of managing mangrove-derived resources and services in the face of a changing climate and human needs.
红树林提供关键的生态系统服务，为全球渔业贡献约420亿美元，每年储存2550万吨碳，并每年为超过1500万人提供防洪保护。然而，它们正日益受到从当地资源开发到全球气候变化等各种因素的威胁，在过去二十年中估计有35%的红树林消失。由于红树林系统及其供应服务的内在特性、其跨境和全球范围的性质，这些威胁难以管理。由于其独特的潮间带生态位，红树林在国家法律框架内常被视为“公共池塘资源”，这使其特别容易受到开发利用。此外，它们通过众多跨越政治边界的生物和非生物过程形成生态联系。由于这些特性，需要一个国际、区域和地方协调的跨尺度嵌套框架，以成功维持红树林生态系统及其宝贵服务。尽管跨地缘政治范围的协调常被认为是有效管理红树林等公共资源的必要条件，但尚未对红树林的多尺度治理进行正式分析。在本文中，我们通过全面分析国际、区域和地方红树林管理制度之间及内部的相互作用，填补了这一空白，并审视了这种多尺度治理框架带来的挑战和机遇。我们以哥斯达黎加为例进行研究，以证明多尺度治理的普遍相关性和潜力，并探索其向下扩展的潜力。以埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆的公共资源自我治理原则为试金石，我们确定了可以在哪些方面改进现状，以提高当前框架在面对气候变化和人类需求变化时管理红树林衍生资源和服务的有效性。
