Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 15;830:154673. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154673. Epub 2022 Mar 18.
Greenhouse vegetable production (GVP) systems in China receive excessive amounts of fertilizers (>1500 kg N ha yr) and irrigation (>1200 mm yr), which results in severe soil degradation. Moreover, soil borne diseases are common as the same crop is planted continuously over years. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is a method carried out every 3-4 years during the summer fallow period to combat soil-borne diseases and to improve soil health. The standard ASD practice, which is carried out before the cropping season, involves incorporation of organic matter (i.e. rice shells or straw) into the soil, covering of the soil with plastic films and soil irrigation until saturation. However, many farmers incorporate large amounts of organic nitrogen fertilizer for priming ASD. In this study, we investigated if incorporation of rice shells plus chicken manure (ASD+RM; farmers practice) provokes higher environmental N losses (NO emissions and N leaching) during the ASD and the following tomato crop growing period as compared to the standard ASD practice (ASD+R: only rice shells) or a Control (fallow, but with incorporation of organic manure, standard in non-ASD years). Results showed that ASD+RM increased seasonal (ASD/fallow period plus tomato crop growing period) soil NO emissions by a factor of 3 (ASD+RM: 14.1 kg NO-N ha; ASD+R: 4.7 kg NO-N ha), with 2/3 of emissions occurring during the 25 days long ASD period. Across all treatments, nitrate (NO) leaching dominated total N leaching (75%), with significantly lower rates observed for ASD+R as compared to ASD+RM. For both ASD treatments, total dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) leaching was a factor of two higher than for the Control. Crop productivity was not affected by ASD. Our findings imply that ASD+RM should be abandoned as the additional supply of manure N results in high environmental N losses without further increasing yields.
中国的温室蔬菜生产（GVP）系统施肥量过高（>1500kgNha yr），灌溉量过高（>1200mmyr），导致土壤严重退化。此外，由于多年连续种植同一作物，土壤传播疾病很常见。厌氧土壤消毒（ASD）是一种在夏季休耕期每 3-4 年进行的方法，用于防治土壤传播疾病和改善土壤健康。标准的 ASD 实践是在作物季节之前进行的，包括将有机物（如稻壳或稻草）掺入土壤中，用塑料薄膜覆盖土壤，并对土壤进行灌溉直至饱和。然而，许多农民在 ASD 中大量添加有机氮肥料作为启动剂。在这项研究中，我们研究了与标准 ASD 实践（ASD+R：仅稻壳）或对照（休耕，但添加有机肥，非 ASD 年的标准）相比，在 ASD 和随后的番茄作物生长期间，稻壳加鸡粪（ASD+RM；农民实践）的掺入是否会引起更高的环境氮损失（NO 排放和氮淋失）。结果表明，ASD+RM 使季节性（ASD/休耕期加番茄作物生长期）土壤 NO 排放增加了 3 倍（ASD+RM：14.1kgNO-Nha；ASD+R：4.7kgNO-Nha），其中 2/3 的排放发生在 25 天长的 ASD 期内。在所有处理中，硝酸盐（NO）淋失占总氮淋失的 75%，ASD+R 明显低于 ASD+RM。对于所有 ASD 处理，总溶解有机氮（DON）淋失是对照的两倍。ASD 对作物生产力没有影响。我们的研究结果表明，由于额外的肥料氮供应导致环境氮损失增加，而没有进一步提高产量，因此应放弃 ASD+RM。
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