Pegasus Inc., U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Mar 16;14(3):213. doi: 10.3390/toxins14030213.
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) and their toxins are a significant and continuing threat to aquatic life in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal water ecosystems. Scientific understanding of the impacts of HABs on aquatic ecosystems has been hampered, in part, by limitations in the methodologies to measure cyanotoxins in complex matrices. This literature review discusses the methodologies currently used to measure the most commonly found freshwater cyanotoxins and prymnesins in various matrices and to assess their advantages and limitations. Identifying and quantifying cyanotoxins in surface waters, fish tissue, organs, and other matrices are crucial for risk assessment and for ensuring quality of food and water for consumption and recreational uses. This paper also summarizes currently available tissue extraction, preparation, and detection methods mentioned in previous studies that have quantified toxins in complex matrices. The structural diversity and complexity of many cyanobacterial and algal metabolites further impede accurate quantitation and structural confirmation for various cyanotoxins. Liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) to enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of toxin analysis has become an essential tool for cyanotoxin detection and can potentially be used for the concurrent analysis of multiple toxins.
有害藻华 (HABs) 及其毒素是淡水、河口和沿海水生生态系统中水生生物的重大且持续的威胁。对 HABs 对水生生态系统的影响的科学认识在一定程度上受到限制，这些限制来自于在复杂基质中测量藻毒素的方法的局限性。本文综述了目前用于测量各种基质中最常见的淡水藻毒素和甲藻素的方法，并评估了它们的优缺点。在地表水、鱼类组织、器官和其他基质中识别和定量检测藻毒素对于风险评估以及确保食用和娱乐用水的质量至关重要。本文还总结了之前研究中提到的目前可用于在复杂基质中定量毒素的组织提取、制备和检测方法。许多蓝藻和藻类代谢物的结构多样性和复杂性进一步阻碍了各种藻毒素的准确定量和结构确认。液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱联用仪 (LC-MS/MS) 提高了毒素分析的灵敏度和选择性，已成为藻毒素检测的重要工具，并且有可能用于同时分析多种毒素。
