Gómez-Ruiz Larissa-María, Marchei Emilia, Rotolo Maria Concetta, Brunetti Pietro, Mannocchi Giulio, Acosta-López Aracely, Ramos-Gutiérrez Ruth-Yesica, Varela-Busaka Mary-Buhya, Pichini Simona, Garcia-Algar Oscar
Servicio de Neonatología, División de Pediatría, Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Guadalajara 44600, Mexico.
Departamento de Cirugía y Especialidades Médico-Quirúrgicas, Universidad de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 Mar 21;15(3):382. doi: 10.3390/ph15030382.
For the first time, the present study employed hair testing to investigate the prevalence of classical drugs of abuse and new psychoactive substances use during gestation in a cohort of 300 Mexican pregnant women. An interview was conducted to collect data on sociodemographic aspects of the patients, and a 9 cm-long hair strand was taken from the back of the head of each mother one month after delivery. A validated ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography−high-resolution mass spectrometry method was used for the screening of classic drugs, new psychoactive substances, and medications in maternal hair. Out of 300 examined hair samples from pregnant women, 127 (42.3%) resulted positive for psychoactive substances: 45 (35.4%) for cannabis only, 24 (18.9%) for methamphetamine only, 13 (10.2%) for cocaine only, 1 (0.3%) for heroin, 1 for N-N-dimethyltryptamine (0.3%), 1 for ketamine (0.8%), and 35 (16.3%) for more than one psychoactive substance. Furthermore, seven samples (2.3%) resulted positive for new psychoactive substances (NPS): two samples for synthetic cannabinoids, two for synthetic cathinones, and three for nor-fentanyl, and 3.3% of women hair resulted positive for anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications. Finally, 83 women hair samples (27.7%) tested positive for nicotine. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other painkillers (60.0%), medications for the treatment of nausea and vomiting (12.3%), antihistamines (8.7%) and nasal/sinus decongestants (6.7%), cough suppressants (5.0%), and bronchodilator agents (5.0%) were also detected in pregnant women hair. The gestational use of psychoactive substances and exposure to tobacco smoke, assessed by hair testing, were associated with a significantly younger age and with a low education grade of the mothers (p < 0.005). This study provides a significant preliminary indication of the under-reported gestational consumption of licit and illicit psychoactive and pharmacologically active drugs in a Mexican environment, showing the value of toxicological and forensic analyses in the global effort to determine the health risks caused by classic drugs and new psychoactive substances during pregnancy.
本研究首次采用毛发检测方法，对300名墨西哥孕妇群体孕期滥用经典毒品和新型精神活性物质的情况进行调查。通过访谈收集患者社会人口学方面的数据，并在产后1个月从每位母亲的后脑勺采集一根9厘米长的头发样本。采用经过验证的超高效液相色谱 - 高分辨率质谱法对母体毛发中的经典毒品、新型精神活性物质及药物进行筛查。在300份孕妇毛发检测样本中，127份（42.3%）精神活性物质检测呈阳性：仅大麻阳性的有45份（35.4%），仅甲基苯丙胺阳性的有24份（18.9%），仅可卡因阳性的有13份（10.2%），海洛因阳性的有1份（0.3%），N - N - 二甲基色胺阳性的有1份（0.3%），氯胺酮阳性的有1份（0.8%），一种以上精神活性物质阳性的有35份（16.3%）。此外，7份样本（2.3%）新型精神活性物质（NPS）检测呈阳性：合成大麻素阳性的有2份，合成卡西酮阳性的有2份，去甲芬太尼阳性的有3份，3.3%的女性毛发样本抗惊厥药、抗抑郁药和抗精神病药检测呈阳性。最后，83份女性毛发样本（27.7%）尼古丁检测呈阳性。孕妇毛发中还检测出非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）和其他止痛药（60.0%）、治疗恶心和呕吐的药物（12.3%）、抗组胺药（8.7%）和鼻/鼻窦减充血剂（6.7%）、止咳药（5.0%）以及支气管扩张剂（5.0%）。通过毛发检测评估的孕期精神活性物质使用情况和接触烟草烟雾情况，与母亲年龄显著偏小以及教育程度较低有关（p < 0.005）。本研究为墨西哥环境下未充分报告的孕期合法及非法精神活性和药理活性药物消费情况提供了重要的初步迹象，显示了毒理学和法医分析在全球确定孕期经典毒品和新型精神活性物质所致健康风险的努力中的价值。
