Saint Arnault Denise, Zonp Zeynep
University of Michigan, School of Nursing, 400 North Ingalls Bldg., Suite 2303, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Director, Multicultural Study of Trauma Recovery (MiStory).
Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan, School of Nursing, 400 North Ingalls Bldg., Suite 2303, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Independent Researcher, Turkey.
Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2022 Apr;37:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2021.12.004. Epub 2021 Dec 16.
It is a devastating and tragic estimate that 35% of women worldwide have experienced either physical or sexual violence at some point in their lives (United Nations, 2015) (referred to hereafter as Gender-Based Violence, or GBV). While most research focuses on reducing violence, understanding power and control in families, and evaluating services, this study focuses on overcoming trauma recovery barriers. We document the development and psychometric properties of the development of the Barriers to Help Seeking for Trauma Scale (BHS-TR) scale conducted with 309 GBV survivors. EFA and CFA confirmed a 7-factor solution that explained 68.4% of the variance, with an alpha reliability of 0.87. Factors were Shame, Frozen/Confused, Problem Management beliefs, Unavailable, Financial Concerns, Discrimination, and Constraints. Convergent validity was found with Sense of Coherence (SOC) and Beliefs about Mental Illness (BMI), and external validity was found with all the subscales and depression/PTSD except Problem Management beliefs. Cluster analysis was used to confirm that the barriers factors grouped into Internal and External Barrier dimensions. Regression showed that BMI predicted 24% of External Barriers variance, and SOC predicted 20% of the variance of the Internal barriers. Implications include the need to understand the breadth of help-seeking survivors engage in, differentiate the varieties of barriers from shame and stigma, and work with survivors "where they are" to address perceived barriers.
据估计，全球35%的女性在其生命中的某个时刻遭受过身体暴力或性暴力，这是一个毁灭性且悲惨的情况（联合国，2015年）（以下简称性别暴力，或GBV）。虽然大多数研究集中在减少暴力、理解家庭中的权力和控制以及评估服务，但本研究聚焦于克服创伤恢复障碍。我们记录了对309名GBV幸存者进行的创伤求助障碍量表（BHS - TR）的编制过程及其心理测量特性。探索性因素分析（EFA）和验证性因素分析（CFA）证实了一个七因素模型，该模型解释了68.4%的方差变异，信度系数阿尔法值为0.87。这些因素包括羞耻感、僵住/困惑、问题管理信念、无法获得帮助、经济担忧、歧视和限制。发现该量表与连贯感（SOC）和对精神疾病的信念（BMI）具有收敛效度，并且除问题管理信念外，所有子量表与抑郁/创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）具有外部效度。聚类分析用于确认这些障碍因素可分为内部障碍和外部障碍维度。回归分析表明，BMI预测了24%的外部障碍方差变异，SOC预测了20%的内部障碍方差变异。研究意义包括需要了解幸存者寻求帮助的广泛程度，区分羞耻感和污名化等不同类型的障碍，并与幸存者“在其所在之处”合作以解决他们所感知到的障碍。
