Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah - 24382, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110052, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 15;830:154789. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154789. Epub 2022 Mar 25.
Rapid growth of nanotechnology has accelerated immense possibility of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) exposure by human and living organisms. In this context, wide range applications of graphene based nanomaterials (GBNMs) may inevitably cause their release into the environment. Consequently, potential risks to the ecological system and human health is consistently increasing due to the probable ingestion of GBNMs by mean of contaminated water or food sources. Further, gut microbiome is known to play a profound impact on the health status of human being and has been recognized as the most exciting advancement in the biomedical science. Recent studies has shown vital role of ENMs to alter gut microbiome and thereby changed pathological status of organisms. Therefore, in this review results of numerous studies dedicated to explore the impact of GBNMs on gut microbiome and thereby various pathological status have been summarized. Dietary exposure of different types of GBNMs [e.g. graphene, graphene oxide (GO), partially reduced graphene oxide (PRGO), graphene quantum dots (GQDs)] have been evaluated on the gut microbiome through numerous in vitro and in vivo models. Moreover, emphasis has been made to evaluate different physiological responses with the short/long-term exposure of GBNMs, particularly in gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and its correlation with gut microbiome and the health status. It is reviewed that exposure of GBNMs can exert significant impact which alter the composition, diversity and function of gut microbiome. This may further appear in terms of enteric disorder along with numerous pathological changes e.g. IEC (intestinal epithelial cells) colitis, lysosomal dysfunction, inflammation, shortened colon, resorbed embryo, retardation in skeletal development, low weight of fetus, early or late dead of fetus and IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) like symptoms. Finally, potential health risks due to the exposure of GBNMs have been discussed with future perspective.
纳米技术的快速发展加速了工程纳米材料（ENMs）被人类和生物暴露的可能性。在这种情况下，基于石墨烯的纳米材料（GBNMs）的广泛应用可能不可避免地导致它们释放到环境中。因此，由于可能通过受污染的水或食物来源摄入 GBNMs，生态系统和人类健康的潜在风险不断增加。此外，肠道微生物组被认为对人类健康状况有深远的影响，并被认为是生物医学科学中最令人兴奋的进展。最近的研究表明，ENMs 可以改变肠道微生物组，从而改变生物体的病理状态。因此，在这篇综述中，总结了许多专门研究 GBNMs 对肠道微生物组的影响及其对各种病理状态的影响的研究结果。通过许多体外和体内模型评估了不同类型的 GBNMs[例如石墨烯、氧化石墨烯（GO）、部分还原氧化石墨烯（PRGO）、石墨烯量子点（GQDs）]对肠道微生物组的膳食暴露。此外，还强调了评估 GBNMs 的不同生理反应，包括短期/长期暴露于 GBNMs 对胃肠道（GIT）及其与肠道微生物组和健康状况的相关性。评论认为，GBNMs 的暴露可以产生显著的影响，改变肠道微生物组的组成、多样性和功能。这可能进一步表现为肠道紊乱，以及许多病理变化，例如 IEC（肠上皮细胞）结肠炎、溶酶体功能障碍、炎症、缩短的结肠、吸收的胚胎、骨骼发育迟缓、胎儿体重低、胎儿早死或晚死以及 IBD（炎症性肠病）样症状。最后，讨论了由于 GBNMs 的暴露而产生的潜在健康风险，并展望了未来。
