Jarrett Benjamin J M, Szűcs Marianna
Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA.
Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden.
Ecol Evol. 2022 Mar 8;12(3):e8654. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8654. eCollection 2022 Mar.
A central goal in ecology is to predict what governs a species' ability to establish in a new environment. One mechanism driving establishment success is individual species' traits, but the role of trait combinations among interacting species across different trophic levels is less clear. Deliberate or accidental species additions to existing communities provide opportunities to study larger scale patterns of establishment success. Biological control introductions are especially valuable because they contain data on both the successfully established and unestablished species. Here, we used a recent dataset of importation biological control introductions to explore how life-history traits of 132 parasitoid species and their herbivorous hosts interact to affect parasitoid establishment. We find that of five parasitoid and herbivore traits investigated, one parasitoid trait-host range-weakly predicts parasitoid establishment; parasitoids with higher levels of phylogenetic specialization have higher establishment success, though the effect is marginal. In addition, parasitoids are more likely to establish when their herbivore host has had a shorter residence time. Interestingly, we do not corroborate earlier findings that gregarious parasitoids and endoparasitoids are more likely to establish. Most importantly, we find that life-history traits of the parasitoid species and their hosts can interact to influence establishment. Specifically, parasitoids with broader host ranges are more likely to establish when the herbivore they have been released to control is also more of a generalist. These results provide insight into how multiple species' traits and their interactions, both within and across trophic levels, can influence establishment of species of higher trophic levels.
生态学的一个核心目标是预测是什么决定了一个物种在新环境中定殖的能力。推动定殖成功的一个机制是单个物种的性状，但不同营养级相互作用物种之间性状组合的作用尚不清楚。将物种有意或无意地引入现有群落，为研究定殖成功的更大规模模式提供了机会。生物防治引入尤其有价值，因为它们包含了已成功定殖和未成功定殖物种的数据。在这里，我们使用了一个最近的进口生物防治引入数据集，来探究132种寄生蜂及其食草寄主的生活史性状如何相互作用以影响寄生蜂的定殖。我们发现，在所研究的五种寄生蜂和食草动物性状中，一种寄生蜂性状——寄主范围——对寄生蜂定殖的预测作用较弱；系统发育特化程度较高的寄生蜂定殖成功率更高，不过这种影响很微小。此外，当寄生蜂的食草寄主的居留时间较短时，寄生蜂更有可能定殖。有趣的是，我们并未证实早期的研究结果，即群居寄生蜂和内寄生蜂更有可能定殖。最重要的是，我们发现寄生蜂物种及其寄主的生活史性状可以相互作用来影响定殖。具体而言，当被释放用于控制的食草动物也是更具广食性的物种时，寄主范围更广的寄生蜂更有可能定殖。这些结果为多种物种的性状及其在营养级内部和营养级之间的相互作用如何影响更高营养级物种的定殖提供了见解。
