Seravin L N
Tsitologiia. 1986 Aug;28(8):779-89.
The eukaryotic plasmalemma, eukaryotic cytoplasm with its usual cytomembranes, and eukaryotic nucleus are obligatory components of the eukaryotic cell. All other structural elements (organelles) are only derivates of the aforesaid cell components and they may be absent sometimes. There are protozoans having simultaneously no flagelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts (all the representatives of phylum Microspora, amoeba Pelomyxa palustris, and others). The following five general principles play the main role in the morphofunctional organization of the cell. The principle of hierarchy of block organization of living systems. Complex morphofunctional blocks (organelles) specific for the eukaryotic cell are formed. The compartmentalization principle. The main cell organelles (nuclei, flagellae, mitochondria, chloroplasts, etc.) undergo a relative morphological isolation from each other and other cell organelles by means of the total or partial surrounding by membranes; this may ensure the originality of their evolution and function. The principle of poly- and oligomerization of morphofunctional blocks. It permits the cell to enlarge its sizes and to raise the level of integration. The principle of heterochrony, including three subprinciples: conservatism of useful signs; a strong acceleration of evolutionary development of the separate blocks; simplification of the structure, reduction or total disappearance of some blocks. It explains a preservation of prokaryotic signs in the eukaryotic cell or in its organelles. The principle of independent origin of similar morphofunctional blocks in the process of evolution of living systems. The parallelism of the signs in unrelated groups of cells (or protists) arises due to this principle.
真核细胞质膜、具有其常见细胞膜的真核细胞质以及真核细胞核是真核细胞的必备组成部分。所有其他结构元件（细胞器）都只是上述细胞组成部分的衍生物，有时可能不存在。有些原生动物同时没有鞭毛、线粒体和叶绿体（微孢子虫门的所有代表动物、沼泽多核变形虫等）。以下五条一般原则在细胞的形态功能组织中起主要作用。生命系统的块状组织层次原则。形成了真核细胞特有的复杂形态功能块（细胞器）。区室化原则。主要的细胞器（细胞核、鞭毛、线粒体、叶绿体等）通过被膜全部或部分包围，彼此之间以及与其他细胞器在形态上相对隔离；这可以确保它们进化和功能的独特性。形态功能块的多聚化和寡聚化原则。它使细胞能够增大其尺寸并提高整合水平。异时性原则，包括三个子原则：有用特征的保守性；个别块的进化发展强烈加速；结构简化，一些块减少或完全消失。它解释了真核细胞或其细胞器中原核特征的保留。生命系统进化过程中相似形态功能块独立起源的原则。由于这一原则，不相关细胞群（或原生生物）中的特征出现了平行性。
