Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Aug;29(38):57618-57628. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-19836-1. Epub 2022 Mar 30.
The effect of caffeine exposure on children's health remains poorly understood. We aimed to characterize the associations of caffeine and caffeine metabolites with adiposity outcomes among children and adolescents. We performed cross-sectional analyses of 1,447 children and adolescents aged 6-19 years from the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The linear regression and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to explore the associations of urinary caffeine and 14 caffeine metabolites with adiposity outcomes, including body mass index (BMI) z-score, waist circumference (WC), obesity, and overweight. In linear regression models, compared with the participants who consumed low caffeine, higher BMI z-score, WC, and risks of obesity and overweight were more likely among those who consumed high caffeine (P < 0.05). In WQS regression models, an interquartile range increase in the weighted caffeine index was significantly associated with increased BMI z-score (β = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.17) and WC (β = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.31, 2.09), and risks of obesity (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.17). Totally, no modification effect of age or gender was observed in the linear regression model. Nonetheless, in WQS models, the positive associations of caffeine exposure with WC and risks of obesity and overweight were significant in children aged 6-11 years rather than 12-19 years. When stratified by gender, caffeine exposure was significantly associated with BMI z-score and WC in both boys and girls. These results add novel evidence that caffeine exposure might be associated with adverse adiposity outcomes among children and adolescents.
咖啡因暴露对儿童健康的影响仍知之甚少。我们旨在描述咖啡因和咖啡因代谢物与儿童和青少年肥胖结果之间的关联。我们对 2009-2014 年全国健康和营养调查中的 1447 名 6-19 岁儿童和青少年进行了横断面分析。线性回归和加权总量（WQS）回归用于探索尿咖啡因和 14 种咖啡因代谢物与肥胖结果（包括体重指数（BMI）z 评分、腰围（WC）、肥胖和超重）的关联。在线性回归模型中，与低咖啡因摄入组相比，高咖啡因摄入组更有可能出现 BMI z 评分较高、WC 较大以及肥胖和超重的风险较高（P<0.05）。在 WQS 回归模型中，加权咖啡因指数的四分位距增加与 BMI z 评分增加显著相关（β=0.10，95%CI=0.01，0.17）和 WC（β=1.20，95%CI=0.31，2.09），以及肥胖的风险（OR=1.09，95%CI=1.02，1.17）。在线性回归模型中，未观察到年龄或性别对结果的修饰作用。尽管如此，在 WQS 模型中，咖啡因暴露与 WC 和肥胖风险的正相关在 6-11 岁儿童中而非 12-19 岁儿童中更为显著。按性别分层时，咖啡因暴露与男孩和女孩的 BMI z 评分和 WC 均显著相关。这些结果提供了新的证据，表明咖啡因暴露可能与儿童和青少年的不良肥胖结果有关。
