Vaccaro Giorgia, Massariol Anna, Guirguis Amira, Kirton Stewart B, Stair Jacqueline L
Department of Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
Swansea University Medical School, The Grove, Singleton Campus, Swansea, UK.
Drug Test Anal. 2022 Aug;14(8):1350-1367. doi: 10.1002/dta.3263. Epub 2022 Apr 20.
This paper presents a systematic literature review on the detection of new psychoactive substances (NPS) in prison settings. It includes the most frequently reported NPS classes, the routes and forms used for smuggling, and the methods employed to analyse biological and non-biological samples. The search was carried out using MEDLINE (EBSCO), Scopus (ELSEVIER), PubMed (NCBI), and Web of Science (Clarivate) databases, along with reports from the grey literature in line with the PRISMA-S guidelines. A total of 2708 records were identified, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. Findings showed the most prevalent NPS class reported in prison was synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). The most frequently reported SCs in non-biological samples were 4F-MDMB-BINACA, MDMB-4en-PINACA, and 5F-ADB. These were smuggled mainly through the postal services deposited on paper or herbal matrices. Concentrations of SCs detected on seized paper ranged between 0.05 and 1.17 mg/cm . The SCs most frequently reported in biological specimens (i.e., urine, blood, saliva, and wastewater) were 5F-MDMB-PICA, 4F-MDMB-BINACA, and MDMB-4en-PINACA. Concentrations of SCs reported in femoral blood and serum were 0.12-0.48 ng/ml and 34-17 ng/ml, respectively. Hyphenated techniques were predominantly employed and generally successful for the detection of NPS in biological (i.e., LC-HRMS/MS) and non-biological samples (i.e., LC-HRMS/MS and GC-MS). The onsite technique IMS showed promise for detecting SCs in various forms; however, immunoassays were not recommended. Future work should focus on accurate in-field detection of SCs deposited on paper and in urine and saliva to improve real-time decision-making, as well as wastewater and air monitoring for overall drug use trends.
本文对监狱环境中新精神活性物质（NPS）的检测进行了系统的文献综述。它涵盖了最常报告的NPS类别、用于走私的途径和形式，以及用于分析生物和非生物样本的方法。检索使用了MEDLINE（EBSCO）、Scopus（ELSEVIER）、PubMed（NCBI）和Web of Science（Clarivate）数据库，以及符合PRISMA-S指南的灰色文献报告。共识别出2708条记录，其中50条符合纳入标准。研究结果表明，监狱中报告的最普遍的NPS类别是合成大麻素（SCs）。在非生物样本中最常报告的SCs是4F-MDMB-BINACA、MDMB-4en-PINACA和5F-ADB。这些主要通过邮寄方式走私，放置在纸张或草药基质上。在查获的纸张上检测到的SCs浓度在0.05至1.17毫克/平方厘米之间。在生物标本（即尿液、血液、唾液和废水）中最常报告的SCs是5F-MDMB-PICA、4F-MDMB-BINACA和MDMB-4en-PINACA。股血和血清中报告的SCs浓度分别为0.12 - 0.48纳克/毫升和34 - 17纳克/毫升。联用技术主要用于生物样本（即LC-HRMS/MS）和非生物样本（即LC-HRMS/MS和GC-MS）中NPS的检测，且总体上较为成功。现场技术离子迁移谱（IMS）显示出检测各种形式SCs的潜力；然而，不推荐使用免疫分析法。未来的工作应侧重于对纸张、尿液和唾液中沉积的SCs进行准确的现场检测，以改善实时决策，以及对废水和空气进行监测以了解总体药物使用趋势。
