Immunotherapy and Transarterial therapy of HCC: What the interventional radiologist needs to know about the changing landscape of HCC treatment?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cancer worldwide and its incidence is increasing in Australia. Transarterial therapy, predominantly transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) but increasingly transarterial radioembolization (TARE), plays an important role in patients with intermediate-stage disease and preserved liver function. However, despite advances in TACE, TARE and adjunctive procedures, overall survival has only modestly increased over the last 20 years. Immunotherapy has emerged as a newer cancer treatment and uses antibodies directed at checkpoint inhibitors to upregulate T-cell mediated tumour-specific death. These drugs have been shown to increase survival in patients with HCC and have changed the landscape for advanced disease. Trials are now ongoing combining transarterial therapy and immunotherapy. This manuscript introduces these trials and interventional radiologists should be aware of the changing landscape so that they can partner with immunotherapy and remain relevant in the HCC multidisciplinary group as immunotherapy use increases.