Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100, Mytilene, Greece.
Department of Agricultural Development, Agrofood and Management of Natural Resources, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 34400, Psachna, Greece.
Environ Res. 2022 Sep;212(Pt A):113194. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113194. Epub 2022 Mar 28.
Phthalates are a large group of chemicals used in many everyday consumer products such as food packaging, household cleaners, cosmetics, fragrances and personal care products (PCPs). A number of diseases such as obesity, hypertension, as well as reproductive system effects and endocrine disorders have been linked to phthalate exposure through the use of PCPs, due to their frequent use and high phthalate content. In this study we review available literature on phthalates and their metabolites in urine and report the various determinants of exposure through the use of PCPs in infants, toddlers, children and adults. The range of creatinine-adjusted concentrations for each phthalate was 1.5-14956.1 μg/g for MEP, 0.4-94.5 μg/g for MEHP, 0.39-425.9 μg/g for MEHHP, 0.5-481.3 μg/g for MEOHP, 0.1-755.1 μg/g for MBzP, and 0.3-401.4 μg/g for MiBP. Time of sampling, frequency of use, race and age are critical factors that influence phthalate concentrations. Using PCPs 48 h before urine collection, using a combination of PCPs (i.e., particularly leave-on versus rinse-off products), being younger (i.e., children compared to their mothers), and being a woman of colour (i.e., Mexican-American and black versus white) leads to higher phthalate levels in urine. The most striking association between any phthalate and PCPs was observed between MEP and perfumes or fragrance-containing products such as shampoos, body lotions and hair products. Future studies should focus on different types and brands of PCPs (i.e., branded versus generic), explore possible ethnic/racial differences and the applicability of non-invasive matrices such as nails and hair for phthalate biomonitoring, as well as intervention studies that explore behavioural changes.
邻苯二甲酸酯是一类广泛应用于多种日常消费产品的化学物质，如食品包装、家用清洁剂、化妆品、香水和个人护理产品（PCP）。由于这些产品使用频繁且邻苯二甲酸酯含量高，通过使用 PCP，一些疾病，如肥胖、高血压，以及生殖系统效应和内分泌紊乱，已被证实与邻苯二甲酸酯暴露有关。在本研究中，我们回顾了有关尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯及其代谢物的现有文献，并报告了通过使用 PCP 暴露于邻苯二甲酸酯的各种决定因素，包括婴儿、幼儿、儿童和成人。对于 MEP，各种研究中肌酐调整后的浓度范围为 1.5-14956.1μg/g，MEHP 为 0.4-94.5μg/g，MEHHP 为 0.39-425.9μg/g，MEOHP 为 0.5-481.3μg/g，MBzP 为 0.1-755.1μg/g，MiBP 为 0.3-401.4μg/g。采样时间、使用频率、种族和年龄是影响邻苯二甲酸酯浓度的关键因素。在收集尿液前 48 小时使用 PCP、使用 PCP 组合（即特别为免洗型产品而非冲洗型产品）、年龄较小（即儿童与母亲相比）以及为有色人种（即墨西哥裔美国人和黑人与白人相比）会导致尿液中邻苯二甲酸酯水平升高。在任何邻苯二甲酸酯与 PCP 之间，最明显的关联都观察到 MEP 与香水或含有香味的产品之间，如洗发水、身体乳液和头发产品。未来的研究应侧重于不同类型和品牌的 PCP（即品牌与通用），探索可能的种族/民族差异以及非侵入性基质（如指甲和头发）在邻苯二甲酸酯生物监测中的适用性，以及探索行为改变的干预研究。
