Wu Man, Pei Wenfeng, Wedegaertner Tom, Zhang Jinfa, Yu Jiwen
State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute, Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China.
Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
Front Plant Sci. 2022 Mar 10;13:864850. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.864850. eCollection 2022.
Upland cotton () is the world's leading fiber crop and one of the most important oilseed crops. Genetic improvement of cotton has primarily focused on fiber yield and quality. However, there is an increased interest and demand for enhanced cottonseed traits, including protein, oil, fatty acids, and amino acids for broad food, feed and biofuel applications. As a byproduct of cotton production, cottonseed is an important source of edible oil in many countries and could also be a vital source of protein for human consumption. The focus of cotton breeding on high yield and better fiber quality has substantially reduced the natural genetic variation available for effective cottonseed quality improvement within Upland cotton. However, genetic variation in cottonseed oil and protein content exists within the genus of and cultivated cotton. A plethora of genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (associated with cottonseed oil, fatty acids, protein and amino acids) have been identified, providing important information for genetic improvement of cottonseed quality. Genetic engineering in cotton through RNA interference and insertions of additional genes of other genetic sources, in addition to the more recent development of genome editing technology has achieved considerable progress in altering the relative levels of protein, oil, fatty acid profile, and amino acids composition in cottonseed for enhanced nutritional value and expanded industrial applications. The objective of this review is to summarize and discuss the cottonseed oil biosynthetic pathway and major genes involved, genetic basis of cottonseed oil and protein content, genetic engineering, genome editing through CRISPR/Cas9, and QTLs associated with quantity and quality enhancement of cottonseed oil and protein.
陆地棉（）是世界主要的纤维作物之一，也是最重要的油料作物之一。棉花的遗传改良主要集中在纤维产量和品质上。然而，人们对改善棉籽性状的兴趣和需求日益增加，这些性状包括蛋白质、油脂、脂肪酸和氨基酸，可广泛应用于食品、饲料和生物燃料领域。作为棉花生产的副产品，棉籽在许多国家是食用油的重要来源，也可能成为人类食用蛋白质的重要来源。棉花育种对高产和更好纤维品质的关注，大大减少了陆地棉中可用于有效改善棉籽品质的自然遗传变异。然而，在棉属和栽培棉中存在棉籽油和蛋白质含量的遗传变异。已经鉴定出大量与棉籽油、脂肪酸、蛋白质和氨基酸相关的基因和数量性状位点（QTL），为棉籽品质的遗传改良提供了重要信息。除了最近基因组编辑技术的发展外，通过RNA干扰和插入其他遗传来源的额外基因对棉花进行基因工程，在改变棉籽中蛋白质、油脂、脂肪酸组成和氨基酸组成的相对水平以提高营养价值和扩大工业应用方面取得了相当大的进展。本综述的目的是总结和讨论棉籽油生物合成途径及相关主要基因、棉籽油和蛋白质含量的遗传基础、基因工程、通过CRISPR/Cas9进行的基因组编辑，以及与棉籽油和蛋白质数量和质量提高相关的QTL。
