Variation in the Mitochondrial Genome of the Chagas Disease Vector Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae).

Chagas' disease is transmitted mainly by members of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Among them, Triatoma infestans (Klug) is the main vector of the disease in Southern Cone of Latin America. In order to contribute to knowledge of the genetic variation between triatomine vectors, in the present study, we analyzed the intraspecific and interspecific variations of the seven mitogenomes available from Triatominae. In addition, in order to examine their evolutionary relationships with others species of Reduviidae and to estimate the divergence time of the main lineages, we constructed phylogenetic trees including mitogenome sequences of 30 species from Reduviidae. Comparative analysis between mitochondrial DNA sequences from two specimens of T. infestans revealed a total of 54 variable sites. Triatoma infestans, Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille), Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer), Triatoma migrans (Breddin), Rhodnius pictipes (Stål), and Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus (Champion) present similar mitogenome organization and the length differences observed among these species are primarily caused by variations in control region (CR) and intergenic spacers (IGS). The relative synonymous codon usage values (RSCU) were similar in the six species of Triatominae, and in agreement with the observed in other insects, a biased use of A and C nucleotides in the majority strand was detected. The monophyly of five subfamilies was strongly supported (Phymatinae, Peiratinae, Triatominae, Stenopodainae, and Harpactorinae), while the sampled species of Reduviinae were grouped with one specie from the Salyavatinae subfamily. The oldest subfamily is Phymatinae at 100.3 Mya (99.6-102.2 Mya) and the youngest is Triatominae and Stenopodainae at 52.6 Mya (42.5-63.7 Mya). The estimated diversification time for the Triatominae subfamily agrees with the Andean uplift geological event. An analysis with more mitogenomes from more Triatominae species would be necessary to provide sufficient evidence to support this finding.