Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, India.
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2022;22(14):1331-1343. doi: 10.2174/1871530322666220331152809.
The gut microbiota that comprises over 100 trillion microorganisms with a weight of about 1-2 kg is regarded as one of the most crucial players in the regulation of the metabolic health of host organisms. In recent years, the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood, has been exponentially increasing due to obesity and other lifestyle risk factors. It was shown that dysbiosis, change in the overall composition, and diversity of gut microflora can result in T2DM. Conversely, the microbial composition can also influence the epigenetics of the host organism (DNA methylation as well as histone modifications), which might have a potential effect on the metabolic health of the individual. Another mechanism of gut microbiota in the development of T2DM is through the involvement of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, Leucine-rich Repeat, and Pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a part of the innate immune system. NLRP3 inflammasome produces inflammatory cytokines, promoting the secretion of microbial antigens in the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, it is important to understand the possible connecting link between gut microbiota and T2DM that might help in the modulation of gut microflora to better understand the disease. In this review, the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM will be discussed.
肠道微生物群由超过 1000 万亿个微生物组成，重量约为 1-2 公斤，被认为是调节宿主生物代谢健康的最重要因素之一。近年来，由于肥胖和其他生活方式风险因素，以血液中糖分水平高为特征的 2 型糖尿病（T2DM）的发病率呈指数级增长。研究表明，肠道微生物菌群的失调、整体组成和多样性的改变可能导致 T2DM。相反，微生物组成也可以影响宿主生物的表观遗传学（DNA 甲基化以及组蛋白修饰），这可能对个体的代谢健康产生潜在影响。肠道微生物群在 T2DM 发展中的另一个机制是通过核苷酸结合寡聚结构域、富含亮氨酸重复和吡喃结构域包含 3（NLRP3）炎性小体的参与，这是先天免疫系统的一部分。NLRP3 炎性小体产生炎症细胞因子，促进肠道上皮中微生物抗原的分泌。因此，了解肠道微生物群与 T2DM 之间可能存在的联系非常重要，这有助于调节肠道微生物群，从而更好地了解该疾病。本文将讨论肠道微生物群在 T2DM 发病机制中的作用。
