Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens GA, USA.
International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Lancet. 2022 Apr 2;399(10332):1336-1346. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02691-X.
Rubella is an acute illness caused by rubella virus and characterised by fever and rash. Although rubella is a clinically mild illness, primary rubella virus infection in early pregnancy can result in congenital rubella syndrome, which has serious medical and public health consequences. WHO estimates that approximately 100 000 congenital rubella syndrome cases occur per year. Rubella virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact. 25-50% of people infected with rubella virus are asymptomatic. Clinical disease often results in mild, self-limited illness characterised by fever, a generalised erythematous maculopapular rash, and lymphadenopathy. Complications include arthralgia, arthritis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and encephalitis. Common presenting signs and symptoms of congenital rubella syndrome include cataracts, sensorineural hearing impairment, congenital heart disease, jaundice, purpura, hepatosplenomegaly, and microcephaly. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome can be prevented by rubella-containing vaccines, which are commonly administered in combination with measles vaccine. Although global rubella vaccine coverage reached only 70% in 2020 global rubella eradiation remains an ambitious but achievable goal.
风疹是由风疹病毒引起的急性疾病，其特征为发热和皮疹。尽管风疹是一种临床症状较轻的疾病，但妊娠早期原发性风疹病毒感染可导致先天性风疹综合征，这具有严重的医疗和公共卫生后果。世卫组织估计，每年大约有 10 万例先天性风疹综合征病例。风疹病毒通过呼吸道飞沫和直接接触传播。感染风疹病毒的人群中，25-50%为无症状感染者。临床疾病常导致轻度、自限性疾病，其特征为发热、全身性红斑丘疹和淋巴结病。并发症包括关节痛、关节炎、血小板减少性紫癜和脑炎。先天性风疹综合征的常见表现包括白内障、感觉神经性听力损失、先天性心脏病、黄疸、紫癜、肝脾肿大和小头畸形。风疹和先天性风疹综合征可以通过含有风疹病毒的疫苗预防，这些疫苗通常与麻疹疫苗联合使用。尽管 2020 年全球风疹疫苗接种覆盖率仅为 70%，但全球消除风疹仍是一个雄心勃勃但可实现的目标。
