Assisted Reproduction Techniques to Improve Reproduction in a Non-Model Species: The Case of the Arabian Bustard () Conservation Breeding Program.

Artificial reproductive technologies are highly valuable for ex situ conservation. While Arabian bustard populations are declining and extinct in some parts of the range, the International Fund for Houbara Conservation in the United Arab Emirates implemented a conservation breeding program. Since 2012, a total of 1253 eggs were laid through natural reproduction, 1090 were incubated and 379 of these were fertile (fertility rate of 34.8%), leading to the production of 251 chicks. To improve fertility and acquire crucial knowledge for other endangered large birds, artificial reproduction was implemented in 2018 using fresh, refrigerated, and frozen sperm. A total of 720 ejaculates were collected from 12 birds. We analysed these samples for concentration, volume, motility score (0 to 5), viability (eosin/nigrosine), length, and morphology. The first age at collection was 35.7 ± 18.8 months, mean volume was 89.2 ± 65.3 µL, mean concentration was 928 ± 731 sptz/mL and mean motility score was 2.61 ± 0.95. Morphology analyses revealed a bimodal distribution of sperm length. Five hundred and thirty-five ejaculates were cryopreserved and the initial motility score was 3.4 ± 0.7 and 2.0 ± 0.6 after thawing, while the percentage of normal and intact membrane sperm cells decreased from 88.8 ± 7.5% to 52.9 ± 1%. Sixty-five artificial inseminations were performed, leading to a global fertility rate of 84.3%-more precisely, 85.2% and 83.3%, respectively, for fresh and cryopreserved semen. All methods successfully produced fertile eggs, indicating that artificial insemination is an efficient tool for the conservation and genetic management of the species.