Türkez Hasan, Arslan Mehmet Enes, Tatar Arzu, Özdemir Özlem, Sönmez Erdal, Çadirci Kenan, Hacimüftüoğlu Ahmet, Ceylan Bahattin, Açikyildiz Metin, Kahraman Cigdem Yuce, Geyikoğlu Fatime, Tatar Abdulgani, Mardinoglu Adil
Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Erzurum Technical University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
Materials (Basel). 2022 Mar 22;15(7):2359. doi: 10.3390/ma15072359.
Titanium diboride (TiB) and zinc borate (ZnBO) have been utilized in wide spectrum industrial areas because of their favorable properties such as a high melting point, good wear resistance, high hardness and thermal conductivity. On the other hand, the biomedical potentials of TiB and ZnBO are still unknown because there is no comprehensive analysis that uncovers their biocompatibility features. Thus, the toxicogenomic properties of TiB and ZnBO nanoparticles (NPs) were investigated on human primary alveolar epithelial cell cultures (HPAEpiC) by using different cell viability assays and microarray analyses. Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Functional Enrichment Analysis (STRING) was used to associate differentially expressed gene probes. According to the results, up to 10 mg/L concentration of TiB and ZnBO NPs application did not stimulate a cytotoxic effect on the HPAEpiC cell cultures. Microarray analysis revealed that TiB NPs exposure enhances cellular adhesion molecules, proteases and carrier protein expression. Furthermore, ZnBO NPs caused differential gene expressions in the cell cycle, cell division and extracellular matrix regulators. Finally, STRING analyses put forth that inflammation, cell regeneration and tissue repair-related gene interactions were affected by TiB NPs application. ZnBO NPs exposure significantly altered inflammation, lipid metabolism and infection response activator-related gene interactions. These investigations illustrated that TiB and ZnBO NPs exposure may affect different aspects of cellular machineries such as immunogenic responses, tissue regeneration and cell survival. Thus, these types of cellular mechanisms should be taken into account before the use of the related NPs in further biomedical applications.
二硼化钛（TiB）和硼酸锌（ZnBO）因其具有诸如高熔点、良好的耐磨性、高硬度和热导率等优良特性，已被广泛应用于工业领域。另一方面，TiB和ZnBO的生物医学潜力仍不为人知，因为尚无全面分析揭示它们的生物相容性特征。因此，通过使用不同的细胞活力测定法和微阵列分析，研究了TiB和ZnBO纳米颗粒（NPs）对人原代肺泡上皮细胞培养物（HPAEpiC）的毒理基因组特性。蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络功能富集分析（STRING）被用于关联差异表达的基因探针。结果显示，应用浓度高达10 mg/L的TiB和ZnBO NPs对HPAEpiC细胞培养物未产生细胞毒性作用。微阵列分析表明，暴露于TiB NPs可增强细胞黏附分子、蛋白酶和载体蛋白的表达。此外，ZnBO NPs导致细胞周期、细胞分裂和细胞外基质调节因子中的基因表达存在差异。最后，STRING分析表明，应用TiB NPs会影响炎症、细胞再生和组织修复相关的基因相互作用。暴露于ZnBO NPs会显著改变炎症、脂质代谢和感染反应激活剂相关的基因相互作用。这些研究表明，暴露于TiB和ZnBO NPs可能会影响细胞机制的不同方面，如免疫反应、组织再生和细胞存活。因此，在将相关NPs用于进一步的生物医学应用之前，应考虑这些类型的细胞机制。
