Factors affecting the shoulder functional profile in elite judo athletes.

The aim was to investigate the effects of sex, age, preferred judo technique, dominance, and injury history on the shoulder functional status of elite judo athletes. Sixty-one elite judo athletes (38 males, age: 18.1 ± 1.2 years, body mass: 69.3 ± 13.3 kg, body height: 172.2 ± 9.8 cm, brown belt to second-degree black belt) completed three questionnaires: Western Ontario Shoulder Instability, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff, and Shoulder Instability-Return to Sport after Injury. They performed four physical tests: the glenohumeral rotator isometric strength test, upper quarter Y-balance test, unilateral seated shot put test, and modified Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test. The results showed that the female athletes had less shoulder functional abilities than the male athletes ( < 0.001 to  = 0.02). The younger athletes had poorer shoulder stability and upper extremity power than the older athletes ( < 0.001 to  = 0.02), but their glenohumeral muscles were stronger in both internal ( = 0.03) and external ( = 0.005) rotations. All the judo athletes had similar bilateral differences in shoulder functional status, except for judokas who preferred throwing techniques ( = 0.01). Injury history affected self-perceived functional status ( < 0.001), as well as upper extremity muscle capacity and neuromuscular control ( = 0.01 to  = 0.05). This study provides new insight into the shoulder functional status of elite judo athletes, which may aid in the development of sports-specific injury prevention and return-to-sport programmes to reduce the risk of shoulder injury occurrence and recurrence.Normalized levels of upper extremity abilities must be sex- and age-specific in prevention programmes.Prevention programmes may focus on muscle bilateral and anteroposterior symmetry.Prevention programmes may include psychological training tailored to the sex of judo athletes.