Program in Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, Systematics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
Am J Bot. 2022 Jun;109(6):922-938. doi: 10.1002/ajb2.1855. Epub 2022 Jun 7.
Biodiversity results from origination and extinction, justifying interest in identifying traits that influence this balance. Traits implicated in the success or failure of lineages include dispersal, colonization ability, and geographic range size. We investigated the impact of dispersal and range size on contemporary diversity in the Rosales.
We used the multiple-state speciation and extinction (MuSSE) method to explore the effects on genus-level diversification of two genus-level traits (geographic range size and within-genus proclivity to speciate) and two species traits (seed dispersal and growth habit) and the multiple hidden-state speciation and extinction (MuHiSSE) method for species-level associations. Finally, we conducted a PGLS (phylogenetic least-squares) analysis to distinguish between speciation within genera versus origination of new genera.
At the species level, animal dispersal enhances diversification rate in both woody and herbaceous lineages, while woody lineages without animal dispersal have higher extinction rates than speciation rates. At the genus level, herbaceous taxa have positive diversification rates regardless of other character states. Diversification rate variation is also explained by two interactions: (1) a three-way interaction between large geographic range, animal-mediated dispersal, and high within-genus species richness, whereby genera possessing all three traits have high diversification rates, and (2) a four-way interaction by which the three-way interaction is stronger in woody genera than in herbaceous genera.
Colonization ability may underlie the relationship between dispersal type and range size and may influence past diversification rates by decreasing extinction rates during late Cenozoic climate volatility. Thus, colonization ability could be used to predict future extinction risk to aid conservation.
生物多样性源于起源和灭绝，这证明了人们有兴趣识别影响这种平衡的特征。与谱系的成功或失败相关的特征包括扩散、殖民能力和地理范围大小。我们调查了扩散和范围大小对蔷薇目当代多样性的影响。
我们使用多状态物种形成和灭绝（MuSSE）方法来探索两个属级特征（地理范围大小和属内物种形成倾向）和两个物种特征（种子扩散和生长习性）对属级多样化的影响，以及多隐藏状态物种形成和灭绝（MuHiSSE）方法用于物种水平的关联。最后，我们进行了 PGLS（系统发育最小二乘法）分析，以区分属内物种形成与新属的起源。
在物种水平上，动物扩散增强了木本和草本谱系的多样化率，而没有动物扩散的木本谱系的灭绝率高于物种形成率。在属级水平上，草本类群无论其他特征状态如何，都具有积极的多样化率。多样化率的变化也可以通过两个相互作用来解释：（1）大地理范围、动物介导的扩散和属内高物种丰富度之间的三向相互作用，具有所有三种特征的属具有高多样化率；（2）在木本属中，这种三向相互作用比草本属更强的四向相互作用。
殖民能力可能是扩散类型和范围大小之间关系的基础，并可能通过降低新生代气候波动期间的灭绝率来影响过去的多样化率。因此，殖民能力可用于预测未来的灭绝风险，以帮助保护。
