De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel, Culture, Environnement, Anthropologie, Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Pessac 33615, France.
Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 May 3;119(18):e2120786119. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2120786119. Epub 2022 Apr 21.
The Middle Neolithic in western Europe is characterized by monumental funerary structures, known as megaliths, along the Atlantic façade. The first manifestations of this phenomenon occurred in modern-day France with the long mounds of the Cerny culture. Here, we present genome-wide data from the fifth-millennium BCE site of Fleury-sur-Orne in Normandy (France), famous for its impressively long monuments built for selected individuals. The site encompasses 32 monuments of variable sizes, containing the burials of 19 individuals from the Neolithic period. To address who was buried at the site, we generated genome-wide data for 14 individuals, of whom 13 are males, completing previously published data [M. Rivollat et al., Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz5344 (2020)]. Population genetic and Y chromosome analyses show that the Fleury-sur-Orne group fits within western European Neolithic genetic diversity and that the arrival of a new group is detected after 4,000 calibrated BCE. The results of analyzing uniparentally inherited markers and an overall low number of long runs of homozygosity suggest a patrilineal group practicing female exogamy. We find two pairs of individuals to be father and son, buried together in the same monument/grave. No other biological relationship can link monuments together, suggesting that each monument was dedicated to a genetically independent lineage. The combined data and documented father–son line of descent suggest a male-mediated transmission of sociopolitical authority. However, a single female buried with an arrowhead, otherwise considered a symbol of power of the male elite of the Cerny culture, questions a strictly biological sex bias in the burial rites of this otherwise “masculine” monumental cemetery.
西欧的中石器时代以大西洋沿岸的大型丧葬结构（称为巨石）为特征。这种现象的最初表现出现在现代法国的切尔尼文化的长丘中。在这里，我们展示了来自诺曼底弗勒里苏奥恩（法国）的 5000 年前遗址的全基因组数据，该遗址以其为精选个体建造的令人印象深刻的长纪念碑而闻名。该遗址包含 32 个不同大小的纪念碑，其中包含 19 个来自新石器时代的个体的埋葬物。为了解决谁被埋葬在该遗址，我们为 14 个人生成了全基因组数据，其中 13 人为男性，完成了以前发表的数据[M. Rivollat 等人，Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz5344（2020）]。群体遗传和 Y 染色体分析表明，弗勒里苏奥恩群体符合西欧新石器时代遗传多样性，并且在经过 4000 个校准 BCE 后检测到一个新群体的到来。分析单倍体遗传标记和总体低长度的纯合性的结果表明，一个实行女性外婚制的父系群体。我们发现两对个体是父子关系，一起埋葬在同一个纪念碑/坟墓中。没有其他生物学关系可以将纪念碑联系在一起，这表明每个纪念碑都献给一个遗传上独立的世系。综合数据和记录的父子血统表明，社会政治权力是通过男性介导的传承。然而，一个被箭头埋葬的单一女性，否则被认为是切尔尼文化男性精英权力的象征，质疑了这种“男性化”的大型墓地葬礼中严格的生物学性别偏见。
