Optimization of the Transformation Protocol for Increased Efficiency of Genetic Transformation in .

The recurring growth of bacterium in newly developed resistant cells and a minimal level of bacterial infection rate are the main limiting factors of -mediated transformation experiments in . The current study aimed to optimize crucial factors of the transformation protocol in order to obtain an efficient transformation experimental model for using cotyledonary somatic embryos as explants. Transformation conditions such as antibiotic concentration, preculture duration, concentration, sonication and cocultivation conditions were analyzed using the binary vector pCAMBIA2301. Transient transformation was confirmed by GUS histochemical staining. The best transformation efficiency was observed when the explants were not cultured on a preculture medium that contained acetosyringone at a level of 100 μM. The best results were obtained using a bacterial density of 0.45 at OD 600 nm, 50 s of sonication of explants in a bacterial liquid culture and a total incubation time of 18 min in the same bacterial suspension. Transmission electron microscopical analysis confirmed the impacts of sonication on bacterial infection efficiency. Cocultivation conditions of 22 °C and 84 h of darkness were optimal for the transfer of T-DNA. was eliminated with 500 mg/L of timentin, and the selection of transformants was performed using 100 mg/L of kanamycin in the selection medium. The presence of transgene was confirmed in the resistant embryos by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The improved method of genetic transformation established in the present study will be useful for the introduction of foreign genes of interest into the genome for the breeding of this economically important plant species in the future.