Center for Food Science and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa P.O. Box 1176, Ethiopia.
Livestock and Fishery Core Process, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle P.O. Box 492, Ethiopia.
Toxins (Basel). 2022 Apr 12;14(4):276. doi: 10.3390/toxins14040276.
Milk is a highly nutritious and perfect natural food for humans. However, when lactating animals feed on Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-containing feed, the hydroxyl metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contaminates the milk and dairy products. The objective of the current study was to assess the level of AFM1 in raw milk, normally pasteurized milk and Ethiopian cottage cheese collected from value chain actors (producers, collectors, processors and retailers). Cross-sectional study and simple random techniques were used to collect primary samples. A total of 160 composite samples was collected; raw milk (n = 64), pasteurized milk (n = 64) and cheese (n = 32) was analyzed. Quantitative analysis of AFM1 was conducted using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicate that AFM1 was detected in all milk products. Results along value chains show that the concentration of AFM1 in raw milk from collectors was significantly higher than from producers, and in pasteurized milk from processors and retailers (p < 0.05). However, no significant (p > 0.05) difference was observed in cottage cheese value-chain actors in all regions. Comparison of AFM1 mean values among all dairy products shows that raw milk had a significantly higher concentration of AFM1 followed by pasteurized milk and cottage cheese. However, there was no significant difference between raw and pasteurized milk (p > 0.05). The mean AFM1 contamination in milk products ranged from 0.137 to 0.319 µg/L (mean value 0.285 µg/L). The contamination percentages of AFM1 in raw milk (62.50%), pasteurized milk (67.20%) and cottage cheese (25%) were above the regulatory limit set by the European Union (EU) (0.05 µg/L). According to USA/Ethiopian Standard (US/ES) (0.50 µg/L), 21.87%, 25% and 1% exceeded the regulatory limit for the above products, respectively. The overall prevalence (56.88%) was above the EU regulatory limit and 19.38% over US/ES regulations. Therefore, to provide accurate information about the health risk to consumers, there is a need to conduct risk assessment studies in consumers of milk and dairy products at different age groups.
牛奶是人类高度营养且完美的天然食品。然而，当泌乳动物食用含有黄曲霉毒素 B1（AFB1）的饲料时，羟基代谢物黄曲霉 M1（AFM1）会污染牛奶和乳制品。本研究旨在评估从价值链参与者（生产者、收集者、加工者和零售商）处采集的生牛奶、正常巴氏杀菌奶和埃塞俄比亚农家奶酪中 AFM1 的水平。采用横断面研究和简单随机技术采集原始样本。共采集了 160 个复合样本；生牛奶（n=64）、巴氏杀菌奶（n=64）和奶酪（n=32）进行分析。使用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）对 AFM1 进行定量分析。结果表明，所有乳制品均检测到 AFM1。沿价值链的结果表明，收集者处的生牛奶中 AFM1 浓度明显高于生产者，而加工者和零售商处的巴氏杀菌奶中 AFM1 浓度也明显高于生产者（p＜0.05）。然而，所有地区的奶酪价值链参与者之间没有观察到差异（p＞0.05）。所有乳制品中 AFM1 平均值的比较表明，生牛奶的 AFM1 浓度明显高于巴氏杀菌奶和奶酪，而巴氏杀菌奶的 AFM1 浓度明显高于奶酪。然而，生奶和巴氏杀菌奶之间没有差异（p＞0.05）。乳制品中 AFM1 的平均污染范围为 0.137-0.319µg/L（平均值为 0.285µg/L）。生牛奶（62.50%）、巴氏杀菌奶（67.20%）和奶酪（25%）中 AFM1 的污染百分比均高于欧盟（EU）设定的规定限值（0.05µg/L）。根据美国/埃塞俄比亚标准（US/ES）（0.50µg/L），分别有 21.87%、25%和 1%的产品超过上述产品的规定限值。总体流行率（56.88%）高于欧盟的规定限值，19.38%高于美国/埃塞俄比亚的规定限值。因此，为了向消费者提供有关健康风险的准确信息，有必要对不同年龄组的牛奶和乳制品消费者进行风险评估研究。
