Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Transl Neurodegener. 2022 Apr 21;11(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s40035-022-00296-z.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, heterogeneous, progressive disease and is the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia. The prevalence of AD is expected to increase as the population ages, placing an additional burden on national healthcare systems. There is a large need for new diagnostic tests that can detect AD at an early stage with high specificity at relatively low cost. The development of modern analytical diagnostic tools has made it possible to determine several biomarkers of AD with high specificity, including pathogenic proteins, markers of synaptic dysfunction, and markers of inflammation in the blood. There is a considerable potential in using microRNA (miRNA) as markers of AD, and diagnostic studies based on miRNA panels suggest that AD could potentially be determined with high accuracy for individual patients. Studies of the retina with improved methods of visualization of the fundus are also showing promising results for the potential diagnosis of the disease. This review focuses on the recent developments of blood, plasma, and ocular biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种复杂、异质、进行性疾病，是最常见的神经退行性痴呆类型。随着人口老龄化，AD 的患病率预计会增加，这给国家医疗保健系统带来了额外的负担。因此，我们非常需要新的诊断测试，这些测试能够以相对较低的成本具有高特异性地在早期检测 AD。现代分析诊断工具的发展使得能够确定几种 AD 的高度特异性生物标志物，包括致病性蛋白、突触功能障碍标志物和血液中的炎症标志物。使用 microRNA (miRNA) 作为 AD 标志物具有相当大的潜力，基于 miRNA 谱的诊断研究表明，对于个体患者，AD 有可能被高度准确地确定。使用眼底可视化方法得到改进的视网膜研究也为疾病的潜在诊断提供了有希望的结果。本综述重点介绍了用于 AD 诊断的血液、血浆和眼部生物标志物的最新进展。
