RIFCON, Hirschberg, Germany.
Syngenta Crop Protection, Basel, Switzerland.
Environ Toxicol Chem. 2022 Jul;41(7):1732-1741. doi: 10.1002/etc.5348. Epub 2022 Jun 6.
In the regulatory environmental risk assessment of plant protection products, the exposure tested in standard toxicity tests assumes simple exposure dynamics, such as constant exposure at the first stage of testing. However, environmental exposure can be highly dynamic. A species response to exposure is governed by toxicokinetics (TK) and toxicodynamics (TD). Therefore, it can be expected that the sensitivity of a species to a substance is dependent on the interplay of TKTD processes with the dynamics of the exposure. We investigated whether exposure dynamics affects species sensitivity of five fish species and if their sensitivity rankings differ among exposure profiles. We analyzed individual survival under projected surface water exposure to benzovindiflupyr. For this purpose, we calibrated compound- and species-specific reduced general unified threshold models of survival (GUTS-RED) models from standard laboratory toxicity data with the assumptions of stochastic death and individual tolerance. Using the calibrated models, we generated species sensitivity distributions based on median lethal profile multiplication factors for three characteristic exposure profiles. The analysis was performed using different GUTS-RED implementations: openGUTS (MATLAB® and Windows® versions) and the R package morse. The sensitivity rankings of the fish species changed as a function of exposure profile. For a multiple-peak scenario, rainbow trout was the most sensitive species. For a single peak followed by a slow concentration decline the most sensitive species was the fathead minnow (GUTS-RED-stochastic death) or the common carp (GUTS-RED-individual tolerance). Our results suggest that a single most sensitive species cannot be defined for all situations, all exposure profiles, and both GUTS-RED variants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1732-1741. © 2022 Syngenta. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
在植物保护产品的监管环境风险评估中，标准毒性测试中的暴露测试假设简单的暴露动态，例如在测试的第一阶段持续暴露。然而，环境暴露可能是高度动态的。物种对暴露的反应受毒代动力学（TK）和毒效动力学（TD）的控制。因此，可以预期，一个物种对物质的敏感性取决于 TKTD 过程与暴露动态的相互作用。我们研究了暴露动态是否会影响五种鱼类物种的敏感性，以及它们在暴露谱中的敏感性排名是否存在差异。我们分析了在预测的地表水暴露于苯并呋氟草酯下个体的生存情况。为此，我们从标准实验室毒性数据中校准了化合物和物种特异性的简化通用统一阈值模型生存（GUTS-RED）模型，假设随机死亡和个体耐受。使用校准模型，我们根据三种特征暴露谱的中位致死概况乘法因子生成了物种敏感性分布。使用不同的 GUTS-RED 实现（MATLAB®和 Windows®版本的 openGUTS 和 R 包 morse）进行了分析。鱼类物种的敏感性排名随暴露谱而变化。对于多峰情况，虹鳟鱼是最敏感的物种。对于单峰后浓度缓慢下降的情况，最敏感的物种是褐头鲦（GUTS-RED-随机死亡）或鲤鱼（GUTS-RED-个体耐受）。我们的结果表明，对于所有情况、所有暴露谱和两种 GUTS-RED 变体，不能定义一个单一的最敏感物种。环境毒理学和化学 2022；41：1732-1741。© 2022 先正达。环境毒理学和化学由 Wiley Periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。
