Segal-Kischinevzky Claudia, Romero-Aguilar Lucero, Alcaraz Luis D, López-Ortiz Geovani, Martínez-Castillo Blanca, Torres-Ramírez Nayeli, Sandoval Georgina, González James
Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
Microorganisms. 2022 Apr 9;10(4):794. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10040794.
Yeasts are microscopic fungi inhabiting all Earth environments, including those inhospitable for most life forms, considered extreme environments. According to their habitats, yeasts could be extremotolerant or extremophiles. Some are polyextremophiles, depending on their growth capacity, tolerance, and survival in the face of their habitat's physical and chemical constitution. The extreme yeasts are relevant for the industrial production of value-added compounds, such as biofuels, lipids, carotenoids, recombinant proteins, enzymes, among others. This review calls attention to the importance of yeasts inhabiting extreme environments, including metabolic and adaptive aspects to tolerate conditions of cold, heat, water availability, pH, salinity, osmolarity, UV radiation, and metal toxicity, which are relevant for biotechnological applications. We explore the habitats of extreme yeasts, highlighting key species, physiology, adaptations, and molecular identification. Finally, we summarize several findings related to the industrially-important extremophilic yeasts and describe current trends in biotechnological applications that will impact the bioeconomy.
酵母是存在于地球上所有环境中的微观真菌，包括那些对大多数生命形式来说不适宜居住的极端环境。根据其栖息地，酵母可以是耐极端环境微生物或极端嗜极生物。有些是多极端嗜极生物，这取决于它们在面对栖息地的物理和化学构成时的生长能力、耐受性和生存能力。极端酵母与增值化合物的工业生产相关，如生物燃料、脂质、类胡萝卜素、重组蛋白、酶等。这篇综述提请人们注意栖息在极端环境中的酵母的重要性，包括其代谢和适应方面，以耐受寒冷、高温、水分可利用性、pH值、盐度、渗透压、紫外线辐射和金属毒性等条件，这些条件与生物技术应用相关。我们探索极端酵母的栖息地，突出关键物种、生理学、适应性和分子鉴定。最后，我们总结了与具有工业重要性的嗜极酵母相关的几个发现，并描述了将影响生物经济的生物技术应用的当前趋势。
