Haq Bashirul, Aziz Md Abdul, Al Shehri Dhafer, Muhammed Nasiru Salahu, Basha Shaik Inayath, Hakeem Abbas Saeed, Qasem Mohammed Ameen Ahmed, Lardhi Mohammed, Iglauer Stefan
Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2022 Apr 7;12(8):1245. doi: 10.3390/nano12081245.
Green enhanced oil recovery (GEOR) is an environmentally friendly enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process involving the injection of green fluids to improve macroscopic and microscopic sweep efficiencies while boosting tertiary oil production. Carbon nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotube (CNT), and carbon dots have gained interest for their superior ability to increase oil recovery. These particles have been successfully tested in EOR, although they are expensive and do not extend to GEOR. In addition, the application of carbon particles in the GEOR method is not well understood yet, requiring thorough documentation. The goals of this work are to develop carbon nanoparticles from biomass and explore their role in GEOR. The carbon nanoparticles were prepared from date leaves, which are inexpensive biomass, through pyrolysis and ball-milling methods. The synthesized carbon nanomaterials were characterized using the standard process. Three formulations of functionalized and non-functionalized date-leaf carbon nanoparticle (DLCNP) solutions were chosen for core floods based on phase behavior and interfacial tension (IFT) properties to examine their potential for smart water and green chemical flooding. The carboxylated DLCNP was mixed with distilled water in the first formulation to be tested for smart water flood in the sandstone core. After water flooding, this formulation recovered 9% incremental oil of the oil initially in place. In contrast, non-functionalized DLCNP formulated with (the biodegradable) surfactant alkyl polyglycoside and NaCl produced 18% more tertiary oil than the CNT. This work thus provides new green chemical agents and formulations for EOR applications so that oil can be produced more economically and sustainably.
绿色强化采油（GEOR）是一种环境友好型的强化采油（EOR）工艺，该工艺通过注入绿色流体来提高宏观和微观波及效率，同时提高三次采油量。石墨烯、碳纳米管（CNT）和碳点等碳纳米材料因其提高采收率的卓越能力而受到关注。这些颗粒已在强化采油中成功测试，尽管它们价格昂贵且不适用于绿色强化采油。此外，碳颗粒在绿色强化采油方法中的应用尚未得到充分理解，需要进行全面记录。这项工作的目标是从生物质中开发碳纳米颗粒，并探索它们在绿色强化采油中的作用。碳纳米颗粒是由廉价的生物质枣树叶通过热解和球磨法制备的。使用标准工艺对合成的碳纳米材料进行了表征。根据相行为和界面张力（IFT）特性，选择了三种功能化和非功能化枣树叶碳纳米颗粒（DLCNP）溶液配方进行岩心驱替试验，以研究它们在智能水驱和绿色化学驱方面的潜力。在第一个测试配方中，将羧基化的DLCNP与蒸馏水混合，用于砂岩岩心中的智能水驱测试。水驱后，该配方采收了9%的原地原油增量。相比之下，用（可生物降解的）表面活性剂烷基糖苷和氯化钠配制的非功能化DLCNP比碳纳米管多采出18%的三次采油量。因此，这项工作为强化采油应用提供了新的绿色化学剂和配方，从而可以更经济、可持续地生产石油。
