Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
Nutrients. 2022 Apr 12;14(8):1611. doi: 10.3390/nu14081611.
The vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) plays a key role in tissue homeostasis and mucosal immunity. RA is produced by gut-associated dendritic cells, which are among the first cells encountered by HIV. Acute HIV infection results in rapid reduction of RA levels and dysregulation of immune cell populations whose identities and function are largely controlled by RA. Here, we discuss the potential link between the roles played by RA in shaping intestinal immune responses and the manifestations and pathogenesis of HIV-associated enteropathy and similar conditions observed in SIV-infected non-human primate models. We also present data demonstrating the ability of RA to enhance the activation of replication-competent viral reservoirs from subjects on suppressive anti-retroviral therapy. The data suggest that retinoid supplementation may be a useful adjuvant for countering the pathologic condition of the gastro-intestinal tract associated with HIV infection and as part of a strategy for reactivating viral reservoirs as a means of depleting latent viral infection.
维生素 A 代谢产物全反式视黄酸（RA）在组织稳态和黏膜免疫中发挥关键作用。RA 由肠道相关树突状细胞产生，这些细胞是 HIV 最先遇到的细胞之一。急性 HIV 感染导致 RA 水平迅速降低，并导致免疫细胞群失调，其特征和功能在很大程度上受 RA 控制。在这里，我们讨论了 RA 在塑造肠道免疫反应中的作用与 HIV 相关肠病和 SIV 感染的非人类灵长类动物模型中观察到的类似疾病的表现和发病机制之间的潜在联系。我们还提供了数据，证明 RA 能够增强来自接受抑制性抗逆转录病毒治疗的受试者的复制型病毒储存库的激活。这些数据表明，类视黄醇补充剂可能是一种有用的辅助手段，可用于对抗与 HIV 感染相关的胃肠道病理状况，以及作为重新激活病毒储存库的策略的一部分，以清除潜伏性病毒感染。
