Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, 138602, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 CREATE Way, 138602, Singapore.
Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur-208001, India.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Aug 15;834:155444. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155444. Epub 2022 Apr 22.
Contamination of the environment through toxic pollutants poses a key risk to the environment due to irreversible environmental damage(s). Industrialization and urbanization produced harmful elements such as petrochemicals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials, and herbicides that are intentionally or unintentionally released into the water system, threatening biodiversity, the health of animals, and humans. Heavy metals (HMs) in water, for example, can exist in a variety of forms that are inclined by climate features like the presence of various types of organic matter, pH, water system hardness, transformation, and bioavailability. Biological treatment is an important tool for removing toxic contaminants from the ecosystem, and it has piqued the concern of investigators over the centuries. In situ bioremediation such as biosparging, bioventing, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation and ex-situ bioremediation includes composting, land farming, biopiles, and bioreactors. In the last few years, scientific understanding of microbial relations with particular chemicals has aided in the protection of the environment. Despite intensive studies being carried out on the mitigation of toxic pollutants, there have been limited efforts performed to discuss the solutions to tackle the limitations and approaches for the remediation of heavy metals holistically. This paper summarizes the risk assessment of HMs on aquatic creatures, the environment, humans, and animals. The content of this paper highlights the principles and limitations of microbial remediation to address the technological challenges. The coming prospect and tasks of evaluating the impact of different treatment skills for pollutant remediation have been reviewed in detail. Moreover, genetically engineered microbes have emerged as powerful bioremediation capabilities with significant potential for expelling toxic elements. With appropriate examples, current challenging issues and boundaries related to the deployment of genetically engineered microbes as bioremediation on polluted soils are emphasized.
有毒污染物对环境的污染对环境构成了关键风险，因为这会造成不可逆转的环境破坏。工业化和城市化产生了有害元素，如石油化工、农用化学品、制药、纳米材料和除草剂，这些元素被有意或无意地释放到水系中，威胁着生物多样性、动物健康和人类健康。例如，水中的重金属 (HM) 可以以多种形式存在，这些形式受到气候特征的影响，如存在各种类型的有机物、pH 值、水系硬度、转化和生物利用度等。生物处理是从生态系统中去除有毒污染物的重要工具，几个世纪以来一直引起研究人员的关注。原位生物修复，如生物注入、生物通风、生物刺激、生物增强和植物修复，以及异位生物修复，包括堆肥、土地耕作、生物堆和生物反应器。在过去的几年中，对微生物与特定化学物质关系的科学理解有助于保护环境。尽管对减轻有毒污染物进行了密集的研究，但在讨论解决重金属污染的整体解决方案方面，所做的努力有限。本文总结了 HM 对水生生物、环境、人类和动物的风险评估。本文的内容强调了微生物修复解决技术挑战的原则和局限性。详细回顾了评估不同处理技术对污染物修复影响的未来展望和任务。此外，基因工程微生物已成为具有显著潜力的强大生物修复能力，可以排出有毒元素。本文通过适当的例子，强调了在污染土壤中部署基因工程微生物作为生物修复时当前面临的具有挑战性的问题和界限。
