Sayqal Ali, Ahmed Omar B
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Institute of Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
Appl Bionics Biomech. 2021 Nov 11;2021:1609149. doi: 10.1155/2021/1609149. eCollection 2021.
The pollution of toxic heavy metals is considered one of the most important environmental issues which has accelerated dramatically due to changing industrial activities. This review focuses on the most common methods, strategies, and biological approaches of heavy metal bioremediation. Also, it provides a general overview of the role of microorganisms in the bioremediation of heavy metals in polluted environments. Advanced methods of heavy metal remediation include physicochemical and biological methods; the latter can be further classified into in situ and ex situ bioremediation. The in situ process includes bioventing, biosparging, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation. Ex situ bioremediation includes land farming, composting, biopiles, and bioreactors. Bioremediation uses naturally occurring microorganisms such as , , , , and . Generally, bioremediation is of very less effort, less labor intensive, cheap, ecofriendly, sustainable, and relatively easy to implement. Most of the disadvantages of bioremediation relate to the slowness and time-consumption; furthermore, the products of biodegradation sometimes become more toxic than the original compound. The performance evaluation of bioremediation might be difficult as it has no acceptable endpoint. There is a need for further studies to develop bioremediation technologies in order to find more biological solutions for bioremediation of heavy metal contamination from different environmental systems.
有毒重金属污染被认为是最重要的环境问题之一，由于工业活动的变化，这一问题急剧加速。本综述重点关注重金属生物修复的最常见方法、策略和生物学途径。此外，它还概述了微生物在污染环境中重金属生物修复中的作用。先进的重金属修复方法包括物理化学方法和生物学方法；后者可进一步分为原位生物修复和异位生物修复。原位过程包括生物通风、生物曝气、生物刺激、生物强化和植物修复。异位生物修复包括土地耕作、堆肥、生物堆和生物反应器。生物修复使用天然存在的微生物，如 、 、 、 和 。一般来说，生物修复工作量非常小、劳动强度低、成本低、生态友好、可持续且相对容易实施。生物修复的大多数缺点与缓慢和耗时有关；此外，生物降解产物有时会比原始化合物毒性更大。由于没有可接受的终点，生物修复的性能评估可能很困难。需要进一步研究以开发生物修复技术，以便为不同环境系统中重金属污染的生物修复找到更多生物学解决方案。
