School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
Jiangsu Xianghe Agricultural Development Co. LTD, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222048, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2024 Oct 1;284:116883. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116883. Epub 2024 Aug 21.
Heavy metals (HMs) pollution is a globally emerging concern. It is difficult to cost-effectively combat such HMs polluted soil environments. The efficient remediation of HMs polluted soil is crucial to protect human health and ecological security that could be carried out by several methods. Amidst, biological remediation is the most affordable and ecological. This review focused on the principles, mechanisms, performances, and influential factors in bioremediation of HMs polluted soil. In microbial remediation, microbes can alter metallic compounds in soils. They transform these compounds into their metabolism through biosorption and bioprecipitation. The secreted microbial enzymes act as transformers and assist in HMs immobilization. The synergistic microbial effect can further improve HMs removal. In bioleaching, the microbial activity can simultaneously produce HSO or organic acids and leach HMs. The production of acids and the metabolism of bacteria and fungi transform metallic compounds to soluble and extractable form. The key bioleaching mechanisms are acidolysis, complexolysis, redoxolysis and bioaccumulation. In phytoremediation, hyperaccumulator plants and their rhizospheric microbes absorb HMs by roots through absorption, cation exchange, filtration, and chemical changes. Then they exert different detoxification mechanisms. The detoxified HMs are then transferred and accumulated in their harvestable tissues. Plant growth-promoting bacteria can promote phytoremediation efficiency; however, use of chelants have adverse effects. There are some other biological methods for the remediation of HMs polluted soil environment that are not extensively practiced. Finally, the findings of this review will assist the practitioners and researchers to select the appropriate bioremediation approach for a specific soil environment.
重金属（HM）污染是一个全球性的新兴问题。要有效地解决这种受 HM 污染的土壤环境问题，成本效益很高。高效修复受 HM 污染的土壤对于保护人类健康和生态安全至关重要，可以通过几种方法来实现。其中，生物修复是最具成本效益和生态友好的方法。本综述重点介绍了受 HM 污染土壤的生物修复的原理、机制、性能和影响因素。在微生物修复中，微生物可以改变土壤中的金属化合物。它们通过生物吸附和生物沉淀将这些化合物转化为代谢物。分泌的微生物酶作为转化剂，有助于 HMs 的固定化。协同微生物效应可以进一步提高 HMs 的去除率。在生物浸出中，微生物活性可以同时产生 HSO4 或有机酸并浸出 HMs。酸的产生和细菌和真菌的代谢将金属化合物转化为可溶和可提取的形式。关键的生物浸出机制是酸解、络合解、氧化还原解和生物积累。在植物修复中，超积累植物及其根际微生物通过根系吸收、阳离子交换、过滤和化学变化吸收 HMs。然后，它们发挥不同的解毒机制。解毒后的 HMs 被转移并积累在可收获的组织中。植物促生菌可以促进植物修复效率；然而，使用螯合剂会产生不利影响。还有一些其他的生物方法可以用于修复受 HM 污染的土壤环境，但尚未广泛应用。最后，本综述的研究结果将有助于从业人员和研究人员为特定的土壤环境选择合适的生物修复方法。
