Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaigngrid.35403.31, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2022 May 10;88(9):e0224721. doi: 10.1128/aem.02247-21. Epub 2022 Apr 25.
Proper disinfection of harvested food and water is critical to minimize infectious disease. Grape seed extract (GSE), a commonly used health supplement, is a mixture of plant-derived polyphenols. Polyphenols possess antimicrobial and antifungal properties, but antiviral effects are not well-known. Here we show that GSE outperformed chemical disinfectants (e.g., free chlorine and peracetic acids) in inactivating Tulane virus, a human norovirus surrogate. GSE induced virus aggregation, a process that correlated with a decrease in virus titers. This aggregation and disinfection were not reversible. Molecular docking simulations indicate that polyphenols potentially formed hydrogen bonds and strong hydrophobic interactions with specific residues in viral capsid proteins. Together, these data suggest that polyphenols physically associate with viral capsid proteins to aggregate viruses as a means to inhibit virus entry into the host cell. Plant-based polyphenols like GSE are an attractive alternative to chemical disinfectants to remove infectious viruses from water or food. Human noroviruses are major food- and waterborne pathogens, causing approximately 20% of all cases of acute gastroenteritis cases in developing and developed countries. Proper sanitation or disinfection are critical strategies to minimize human norovirus-caused disease until a reliable vaccine is created. Grape seed extract (GSE) is a mixture of plant-derived polyphenols used as a health supplement. Polyphenols are known for antimicrobial, antifungal, and antibiofilm activities, but antiviral effects are not well-known. In studies presented here, plant-derived polyphenols outperformed chemical disinfectants (i.e., free chlorine and peracetic acids) in inactivating Tulane virus, a human norovirus surrogate. Based on data from molecular assays and molecular docking simulations, the current model is that the polyphenols in GSE bind to the Tulane virus capsid, an event that triggers virion aggregation. It is thought that this aggregation prevents Tulane virus from entering host cells.
对收获的食物和水进行适当的消毒对于最大限度地减少传染病至关重要。葡萄籽提取物（GSE）是一种常用的保健品，是植物来源的多酚混合物。多酚具有抗菌和抗真菌特性，但抗病毒作用尚不清楚。在这里，我们表明 GSE 在灭活图兰病毒（一种人类诺如病毒的替代物）方面优于化学消毒剂（例如游离氯和过氧乙酸）。GSE 诱导病毒聚集，这一过程与病毒滴度降低相关。这种聚集和消毒是不可逆的。分子对接模拟表明，多酚可能与病毒衣壳蛋白中的特定残基形成氢键和强疏水相互作用。总的来说，这些数据表明多酚通过与病毒衣壳蛋白物理结合来聚集病毒，从而阻止病毒进入宿主细胞。像 GSE 这样的植物来源的多酚是替代化学消毒剂从水或食物中去除传染性病毒的一种有吸引力的选择。人类诺如病毒是主要的食源性和水源性病原体，在发展中国家和发达国家造成约 20%的急性肠胃炎病例。在开发出可靠的疫苗之前，适当的卫生或消毒是减少人类诺如病毒引起的疾病的关键策略。葡萄籽提取物（GSE）是一种用作保健品的植物来源多酚混合物。多酚以具有抗菌、抗真菌和抗生物膜活性而闻名，但抗病毒作用尚不清楚。在本文介绍的研究中，植物来源的多酚在灭活图兰病毒（一种人类诺如病毒的替代物）方面优于化学消毒剂（即游离氯和过氧乙酸）。基于分子测定和分子对接模拟的数据，目前的模型是 GSE 中的多酚结合到图兰病毒衣壳上，这一事件触发病毒粒子聚集。据推测，这种聚集阻止了图兰病毒进入宿主细胞。
