Banking Research Institute, Vietnam Banking Academy, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Faculty of International Business, Vietnam Banking Academy, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Sep;29(43):65233-65258. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-20410-y. Epub 2022 Apr 29.
This study examines the heterogenous impact of shadow economy on the ecological footprint. We apply the panel quantile regression to a panel dataset of 32 OECD countries from 1990 to 2015. The estimation results indicate that the shadow economy-ecological footprint nexus follows an inverted U-shaped pattern. Initially, the higher size of the informal economy leads to more ecosystem degradation. When the shadow economy increases to certain thresholds, its environmental impact reverts to benefit. Such threshold changes with the evolution of the ecological footprint. Specifically, it first rises then decreases along with the degradation of the ecosystem. Moreover, the heterogeneous panel causality test reports the one-way directional running from the shadow economy to the ecological footprint in OECD countries. Likewise, environmental effects of other control variables, including trade openness, energy intensity, renewable energy, and income, are also not homogeneous across various levels of the ecological footprint. The significant and heterogeneous relationships between ecological footprint and its determining factors provide insightful implications for governments in tailoring environmental regulations upon different ecological conditions.
本研究考察了影子经济对生态足迹的异质影响。我们利用 1990 年至 2015 年期间 32 个经合组织国家的面板数据集进行面板分位数回归。估计结果表明，影子经济-生态足迹关系呈倒 U 型。最初，规模较大的非正规经济会导致更多的生态系统退化。当影子经济增长到一定门槛时，其环境影响又会转为有利。这种门槛变化随着生态足迹的演变而变化。具体来说，它随着生态系统的退化先上升后下降。此外，异质面板因果关系检验报告了经合组织国家中从影子经济到生态足迹的单向流动。同样，包括贸易开放度、能源强度、可再生能源和收入在内的其他控制变量对环境的影响在生态足迹的不同水平上也不是均匀的。生态足迹与其决定因素之间的显著且异质的关系为政府在根据不同的生态条件制定环境法规提供了有见地的启示。
