Department of Biotechnology (with jointly merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
Department of Biotechnology (with jointly merged Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
Biotechnol Adv. 2022 Oct;59:107967. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107967. Epub 2022 Apr 28.
The non-conventional yeast Yarrowia lipolytica has been popular as a model system for understanding biological processes such as dimorphism and lipid accumulation. The organism can efficiently utilize hydrophobic substrates (hydrocarbons and triglycerides) thereby rendering it relevant in bioremediation of oil polluted environments. The current review focuses on the interactions of this fungus with metal pollutants and its potential application in bioremediation of metal contaminated locales. This fungus is intrinsically equipped with a variety of physiological and biochemical features that enable it to tide over stress conditions induced by the presence of metals. Production of enzymes such as phosphatases, reductases and superoxide dismutases are worth a special mention. In the presence of metals, levels of inherently produced metal binding proteins (metallothioneins) and the pigment melanin are seen to be elevated. Morphological alterations with respect to biofilm formation and dimorphic transition from yeast to mycelial form are also induced by certain metals. The biomass of Y. lipolytica is inherently important as a biosorbent and cell surface modification, process optimization or whole cell immobilization techniques have aided in improving this capability. In the presence of metals such as mercury, cadmium, copper and uranium, the culture forms nanoparticulate deposits. In addition, on account of its intrinsic reductive ability, Y. lipolytica is being exploited for synthesizing nanoparticles of gold, silver, cadmium and selenium with applications as antimicrobial compounds, location agents for bioimaging and as feed supplements. This versatile organism thus has great potential in interacting with various metals and addressing problems related to their pollutant status.
非常规酵母解脂耶氏酵母已成为研究生物过程（如二态性和脂质积累）的模型系统，因其能够有效利用疏水性底物（碳氢化合物和甘油三酯）而在受油污染环境的生物修复中具有重要作用。目前的综述重点介绍了该真菌与金属污染物的相互作用及其在受金属污染场所的生物修复中的潜在应用。该真菌具有多种生理和生化特性，使其能够应对金属存在引起的应激条件。值得特别提及的是，生产酶如磷酸酶、还原酶和超氧化物歧化酶。在金属存在的情况下，固有产生的金属结合蛋白（金属硫蛋白）和色素黑色素的水平升高。某些金属还会引起生物膜形成和酵母到菌丝形态的二态性转变等形态改变。解脂耶氏酵母的生物量作为生物吸附剂很重要，细胞表面修饰、过程优化或整个细胞固定化技术有助于提高这种能力。在汞、镉、铜和铀等金属的存在下，该培养物形成纳米颗粒沉积物。此外，由于其内在的还原能力，解脂耶氏酵母被用于合成金、银、镉和硒的纳米颗粒，这些纳米颗粒具有抗菌化合物、生物成像定位剂和饲料添加剂的应用。因此，这种多功能的生物体在与各种金属相互作用并解决与它们的污染物状态相关的问题方面具有巨大的潜力。
