Gromeier Michael, Schack Thomas, Koester Dirk
Neurocognition and Action - Biomechanics Research Group, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
Center of Excellence "Cognitive Interaction Technology" (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
Front Psychol. 2022 Apr 12;13:799316. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.799316. eCollection 2022.
The aim of this article was to assess the development of mental representation of the overhead throwing movement as a function of age and expertise. The mental representational structure of the overhead throwing movement was measured using the Structural Dimensional Analysis-Motoric (SDA-M) method that reflects the organization of basic action concepts (BACs). BACs are fundamental building blocks of mental representations, which comprise functional, sensory, spatiotemporal, and biomechanical characteristics of a movement (Schack, 2010). In this study, novices and handball athletes ( = 199) each were grouped according to the level of development in motor ontogenesis (in childhood, pubescence, and adolescents). Male and female handball athletes played in the highest leagues of their age groups. As a result, novices of all age groups showed the same unstructured mental representation. Athletes in the earliest age band resemble all novices' groups and showed similar unstructured mental representation, whereas athletes within pubescence and adolescents showed functionally well-structured representations, which were similar to the structure of the reference group ( = 8). These results are consistent with a previous investigation of related quantitative and qualitative performance parameters of the overhead throwing movement (Gromeier et al., 2017). Without an increased training, neither the throwing performance nor the associated mental representation is unlikely to improve further by itself or automatically.
本文的目的是评估过顶投掷动作心理表征的发展与年龄和专业水平的关系。使用结构维度分析-动作（SDA-M）方法测量过顶投掷动作的心理表征结构，该方法反映了基本动作概念（BACs）的组织。BACs是心理表征的基本组成部分，包括动作的功能、感觉、时空和生物力学特征（沙克，2010）。在本研究中，新手和手球运动员（n = 199）均根据运动个体发生发展水平（儿童期、青春期和青少年期）进行分组。男女手球运动员均参加各自年龄组的最高级别联赛。结果显示，所有年龄组的新手都表现出相同的无结构心理表征。最早年龄组的运动员与所有新手组相似，表现出类似的无结构心理表征，而青春期和青少年期的运动员则表现出功能上结构良好的表征，这与参照组（n = 8）的结构相似。这些结果与之前对过顶投掷动作相关定量和定性表现参数的研究结果一致（格罗迈尔等人，2017）。如果没有增加训练，投掷表现及其相关的心理表征都不太可能自行或自动进一步改善。
