De Waelle Silke, Warlop Griet, Lenoir Matthieu, Bennett Simon J, Deconinck Frederik J A
Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
J Sports Sci. 2021 Sep;39(17):1911-1925. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1907903. Epub 2021 Mar 29.
In many sports, elite players outperform novices on tests for perceptual-cognitive skills, such as anticipation, decision-making and pattern recall. However, the developmental trajectory of these perceptual-cognitive skills has received limited attention. Therefore, this study examined the development of anticipation, decision-making and pattern recall in 202 female volleyball players aged between 7 and 26 years old. Participants were categorized into six age groups: U9, U11, U13, U15, U17 and Seniors. Using a video-based occlusion protocol, we assessed participants' ability to predict pass direction, decide the most optimal attack zone, or recall the opponents' defence positions. The results demonstrated that U17 and adult players had superior accuracy and shorter response times than younger players on all three tests. Notably, U9 players performed worse than older players on all tests. Binomial distributions showed that decision-making was above chance for U17 players and adults, whereas anticipation was above chance for almost all players. Our findings indicate that age-related improvements of perceptual-cognitive skills are evident at 11 years old. However, decision-making seems to develop considerably later than anticipation and pattern recall, suggesting different developmental trajectories for the different perceptual-cognitive skills. Longitudinal research regarding the development of perceptual-cognitive skills and their underlying mechanisms is warranted, as this could have important implications for talent detection and development.
在许多运动项目中，精英运动员在感知认知技能测试（如预判、决策和模式回忆）中的表现优于新手。然而，这些感知认知技能的发展轨迹受到的关注有限。因此，本研究考察了202名年龄在7至26岁之间的女排运动员的预判、决策和模式回忆能力的发展情况。参与者被分为六个年龄组：U9、U11、U13、U15、U17和成年组。我们采用基于视频的遮挡协议，评估参与者预测传球方向、确定最佳进攻区域或回忆对手防守位置的能力。结果表明，在所有三项测试中，U17组和成年运动员的准确率更高，反应时间更短。值得注意的是，U9组球员在所有测试中的表现都比年龄较大的球员差。二项分布表明，U17组球员和成年球员的决策能力高于随机水平（具有统计学意义），而几乎所有球员的预判能力都高于随机水平。我们的研究结果表明，感知认知技能在11岁时会随着年龄增长而明显提高。然而，决策能力的发展似乎比预判和模式回忆要晚得多，这表明不同的感知认知技能具有不同的发展轨迹。关于感知认知技能发展及其潜在机制的纵向研究是必要的，因为这可能对人才选拔和培养具有重要意义。
