School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Sep;29(44):66100-66108. doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-20203-3. Epub 2022 Apr 30.
Citalopram (CTP) and mirtazapine (MTP) are two typical psychoactive drugs used for the depression treatment. As emerging pollutants, CTP and MTP have raised concern because of their harmful effect on aquatic organisms. Therefore, the ecotoxicological risk of these two pollutants to aquatic organisms should be given more attention. In this study, the effects of CTP and MTP on the feeding rate, heartbeat, nutritional enzymes, and their related gene expression of D. magna were investigated under single and binary mixture pollutant exposure. Subsequently, the recovery of exposed D. magna was studied to assess the toxic persistence of those pollutants. After 24-h exposure, the ingestion rate decreased by 34.2% and 21.5%, in the group of 1.45 mg/L CTP (C-H) and binary mixture with high concentration (Mix-H), respectively. After 24-h recovery, the feeding rate of D. magna was stimulated by a compensatory response. Over the exposure period, the heartbeat rate of D. magna increased significantly in the groups of CTP, MTP, and their binary mixture with low concentration (Mix-L), and then, their heartbeat rate was recovered during the recovery period. The activity of α-amylase (AMS) and trypsin were significantly changed in most of the exposed daphnia, both during the exposure and recovery period. CTP/MTP exposure stimulated the expression of the AMS gene. MTP and Mix-H exposure inhibited the expression of the trypsin gene and the other groups stimulated its expression. After 24-h recovery, the stimulating or inhibitory effects were alleviated. There were different responses between gene expression and enzyme activity. In conclusion, our results highlighted the toxic effects at high concentrations of single and mixed pollution of CTP and MTP on the feeding rate, heartbeat, AMS and trypsin enzyme activity, and expression of related genes of D. magna to assess the environment risk of them.
西酞普兰（CTP）和米氮平（MTP）是两种用于治疗抑郁症的典型精神活性药物。作为新兴污染物，由于它们对水生生物的有害影响，CTP 和 MTP 引起了人们的关注。因此，应该更加关注这两种污染物对水生生物的生态毒理学风险。在这项研究中，研究了 CTP 和 MTP 单一和二元混合物污染物暴露对大型溞摄食率、心跳、营养酶及其相关基因表达的影响。随后，研究了暴露后大型溞的恢复情况，以评估这些污染物的毒性持久性。在 24 小时暴露后，在 1.45mg/L CTP（C-H）组和高浓度二元混合物组（Mix-H）中，摄入率分别下降了 34.2%和 21.5%。在 24 小时恢复后，大型溞通过补偿反应刺激摄食率。在暴露期间，CTP、MTP 及其低浓度二元混合物（Mix-L）组的大型溞心跳率显著增加，然后在恢复期恢复心跳率。在大多数暴露的大型溞中，α-淀粉酶（AMS）和胰蛋白酶的活性在暴露和恢复期间均发生显著变化。CTP/MTP 暴露刺激 AMS 基因的表达。MTP 和 Mix-H 暴露抑制了胰蛋白酶基因的表达，而其他组则刺激其表达。在 24 小时恢复后，刺激或抑制作用得到缓解。基因表达和酶活性之间存在不同的反应。总之，我们的研究结果强调了 CTP 和 MTP 单一和混合污染在高浓度下对大型溞摄食率、心跳、AMS 和胰蛋白酶酶活性以及相关基因表达的毒性影响，以评估它们的环境风险。
