College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India.
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, 144402, India.
Chemosphere. 2022 Sep;303(Pt 1):134788. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134788. Epub 2022 Apr 30.
Rapid industrialization, increased waste production and surge in agricultural activities, mining, contaminated irrigation water and industrial effluents contribute to the contamination of water resources due to heavy metal (HM) accumulation. Humans employ HM-contaminated resources to produce food, which eventually accumulates in the food chain. Decontamination of these valuable resources, as well as avoidance of additional contamination has long been needed to avoid detrimental health impacts. Phytoremediation is a realistic and promising strategy for heavy metal removal from polluted areas, based on the employment of hyper-accumulator plant species that are extremely tolerant to HMs present in the environment/soil. Green plants are used to remove, decompose, or detoxify hazardous metals in this technique. For soil decontamination, five types of phytoremediation methods have been used viz. phytostabilization, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration, phytoextraction and phytovolatilization. Traditional phytoremediation methods, on the other hand, have significant limits in terms of large-scale application, thus biotechnological efforts to modify plants for HM phytoremediation ways are being explored to improve the efficacy of plants as HM decontamination candidates. It is relatively a new technology that is widely regarded as economic, efficient and unique besides being environment friendly. New metal hyperaccumulators with high efficiency are being explored and employed for their use in phytoremediation and phytomining. Therefore, this review comprehensively discusses different strategies and biotechnological approaches for the removal of various HM containments from the environment, with emphasis on the advancements and implications of phytoremediation, along with their applications in cleaning up various toxic pollutants. Moreover, sources, effects of HMs and factors affecting phytoremediation of HMs metals have also been discussed.
快速工业化、废物产生增加以及农业活动、采矿、受污染的灌溉水和工业废水的激增导致了水资源的污染，这是由于重金属（HM）的积累。人类利用受 HM 污染的资源生产食物，这些食物最终会在食物链中积累。为了避免对健康造成不利影响，长期以来一直需要对这些有价值的资源进行净化，并避免进一步的污染。基于利用对环境/土壤中存在的 HM 具有极强耐受性的超积累植物物种，植物修复是一种从污染地区去除重金属的现实而有前途的策略。在这项技术中，绿色植物被用于去除、分解或解毒危险金属。为了进行土壤净化，已经使用了五种类型的植物修复方法，即植物稳定化、植物降解、根过滤、植物提取和植物挥发。另一方面，传统的植物修复方法在大规模应用方面存在显著的限制，因此，正在探索生物技术手段来修饰植物，以促进植物对 HM 的修复，从而提高植物作为 HM 净化候选物的功效。这是一种相对较新的技术，被广泛认为是经济、高效和独特的，同时也对环境友好。正在探索和利用高效的新型金属超积累器来进行植物修复和植物采矿。因此，本综述全面讨论了从环境中去除各种 HM 含量的不同策略和生物技术方法，重点介绍了植物修复的进展和意义，以及它们在清理各种有毒污染物方面的应用。此外，还讨论了重金属的来源、影响因素以及重金属的植物修复。
